Estimation of maximum scour depth downstream of horizontal and adverse stilling basins using a semi-theoretical approach 2 2 Because of the complexity of the physical processes in the vicinity of the hydraulic structures due to the separation of the flow, traditional methods for for prediction of maximum scour depth downstream of hydraulic structures are mostly based on empirical approaches. Hence, only a few theoretical works have been reported to study this phenomenon. The present paper describes a new approach based on the momentum principles to estimate the maximum local scour depth downstream of a submerged sluice gate flowing over horizontal or adverse stilling basin. A control volume of the fluid in the equilibrium state of the scour hole was considered and based on momentum principles, some equations are derived to estimate the scour depth at equilibrium state. To verify the proposed equations, large numbers of experiments were planned and conducted under wide range of characteristic parameters such as, incoming Froude number, sediment size, tailwater depth, length and slope of the apron. It was found that the proposed equations fall in a good agreement with experimental results. It was also observed that, in the case of horizontal apron, a specific tailwater depth exists with which the local scour depth attains a minimum value. However, in the case of adverse basins when the tailwater depth takes a specific value, the maximum depth of the scour hole reaches to its maximum and then decreases to a constant value as the tailwater depth increases. This critical tailwater depth was formulated using a semi-theoretical equation. 1 15 2013/06/10 1392/3/20 2013/10/12 1392/7/20 H. Khalili Shayan H. Khalili Shayan Postgraduate, Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 31587-4111, Karaj, Iran h_kh_shayan@ut.ac.ir J. Farhoudi J. Farhoudi Professor, Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 31587-4111, Karaj, Iran jfarhoudi@ut.ac.ir H. Hamidifar H. Hamidifar Faculty Member, Water Engineering Department, Fasa University, P.O. Box 7461781189, Fasa, Iran hhamidifar@ut.ac.ir Local scour Momentum principle Sluice gate Submerged jet Adverse Stilling basin [1] Farhoudi J, Smith KVH. Time scale for scour downstream of hydraulic jump, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 1982, No. 10, Vol. 108, pp. 1147-1162.##[2] Farhoudi J, Smith KVH. Local scour profiles downstream of hydraulic jump, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 1985, No. 4, Vol. 23, pp. 343-358.##[3] Hassan NMKN, Narayanan R. Local scour downstream of an apron, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 1985, No. 11, Vol. 111, pp. 1371-1385.##[4] Chatterjee SS, Ghosh SN, Chatterjee M. Local scour due to submerged horizontal jet, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 1994, No. 8, Vol. 120, pp. 973-992.##[5] Balachandar R, Kells JA, Thiessen RJ. The effect of tailwater depth on the dynamics of local scour, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2000, Vol. 27, pp. 138-150.##[6] Dey S, Sarkar A. Scour downstream of an apron due to submerged horizontal jets, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 2006, No. 3, Vol. 132, pp. 246-257.##[7] Dey S, Sarkar A. Effect of upward seepage on scour and flow downstream of an apron due to submerged jets, ASCE, 2007, No. 1, Vol. 133, pp. 59-69.##[8] Oliveto G, Comuniello V, Bulbule T. Time-dependent local scour downstream of positive step stilling basins, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 49, pp. 105-112.##[9] Altinbilek HD, Basmaki Y. Localized scour at the downstream of outlet structures, Proceedings of the 11th congress of large dams, Madrid, 1973, pp. 105-121.##[10] Hoffmans GJCM. Jet scour in equilibrium phase, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 1998, No. 4, Vol. 124, pp. 430-437.##[11] Hamidifar H, Omid H, Nasrabadi M. Bed scour downstream of sluice gates, Journal of Water and Soils, 2010, No. 4, Vol. 24, pp. 728-736 (in Persian).##[12] McCorquodale JA, Mohamed MS. Hydraulic jumps on adverse slopes, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 1994, No. 1, Vol. 32, pp. 119-130.##[13] Pagliara S, Peruginelli A. Limiting and sill-controlled adverse-slope hydraulic jump, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 2000, No. 11, Vol. 126, pp. 847-851.##[14] Rajaratnam N. The hydraulic jump in sloping channels, Irrigation and Power, 1966, No. 2, Vol. 23, pp. 137-149.##[15] Baines PG, Whitehead JA. On multiple states in single-layer flows, Physics of Fluids, 2003, Vol. 15, pp. 298.##[16] Ali KHM, Lim SY. Local scour caused by submerged wall jets, Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, 1986, Part 2, Vol. 81, pp. 607-645.##[17] Graf WH. Hydraulics of Sediment Transport, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc, New York, NY, 1971.##[18] Ead SA, Rajaratnam N. Plane turbulent wall jets in shallow tailwater, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 2002, No. 2, Vol. 128, pp. 143-155.## ##

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of concrete gravity dams considering rotational component of ground motion 2 2 This study focuses on non-linear seismic response of a concrete gravity dam subjected to translational and rotational correlated components of ground motions including dam-reservoir interaction. For this purpose rotational components of ground motion is generated using Hong Non Lee improved method based on corresponding available translational components. The 2D seismic behavior of the dam concrete is taken into account using nonlinear fracture mechanics based on the smeared- crack concepts and the dam-reservoir system are modeled using Lagrangian-Lagrangian approach in finite element method. Based on presented formulation, Pine Flat concrete gravity dam is analyzed for different cases and results show that the rotational component of ground motion can increase or decrease the maximum horizontal and vertical displacements of dam crest. These results are dependent on the frequency of dam-reservoir system and predominant frequencies of translational and rotational components of ground motion. 16 29 2013/06/102013/06/21 1392/3/31 2013/10/122013/12/22 1392/10/1 L. Kalani Sarokolayi L. Kalani Sarokolayi Ph.D Candidate, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran l.kalani@stu.nit.ac.ir B. Navayi Neya B. Navayi Neya Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran navayi@nit.ac.ir Javad Vaseghi Amiri Javad Vaseghi Amiri Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran vaseghi@nit.ac.ir Rotational component of ground motion Nonlinear analysis Concrete gravity dam Smeared crack Dam-Reservoir interaction Lagrangian-Lagrangian method [1] Westergard HM. Water pressure on dams during earthquakes, ASCE, 1933, pp. 418-433.##[2] Clough RW, Zienkiewicz OC. Finite element method in analysis and design of dams, International Symposium of Criteria and assumptions for numerical analysis of dams, 1975, Swansea.##[3] Hariri MA, Mirzabozorg H, Kianoush R. Comparative study of endurance time and time history methods in seismic analysis of high arch dams, International Journal of Civil Engineering (IJCE), 2013, No. 2, Vol. 12, pp. 219-236.##[4] Hamdi MA, Ousset Y, Verchery G. A displacement method for the analysis of vibration of coupled ﬂuid-structure systems, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1978, Vol. 13, pp. 139-150. ##[5] Wilson EL, Khalvati M. Finite elements for the dynamic analysis of ﬂuid-solid systems, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1983, Vol. 19, pp. 1657-1668. ##[6] El-Aidi B, Hall JF. Nonlinear earthquake response of concrete gravity dams, part. 1: Modeling, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1989, Vol. 18, pp. 837-851.##[7] El-Aidi B, Hall JF. Nonlinear earthquake response of concrete gravity dams, part. 2: Behavior, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1989, Vol. 18, pp. 853-865.##[8] Navayi Neya B. Mathematical modeling of concrete gravity dams under earthquake loading considering construction joints, Ph.D Thesis, Moscow Power Engineering Institute, 1998.##[9] Greeves EJ. The modeling and analysis of linear and nonlinear fluid-structure systems with particular reference to concrete dams, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, 1991.##[10] Hillerborg A, Modeer M, Petersson PE. Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements, Cement and Concrete Research, 1976, No. 6, Vol. 6, pp. 773-782.##[11] Bazant ZP, Oh BH. Crack band theory for fracture of concrete, Matériaux et Construction, 1983, No. 93, Vol. 16, pp. 155-177.##[12] Bazant ZP, Cedolin L. Blunt crack band propagation in finite element analysis, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, 1979, No. 2, Vol. 105, pp. 297-315.##[13] Bazant ZP. Mechanics of distributed crackings, ASME, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 1986, 39(5), 675-705.##[14] Ahmadi MT, Vaseghi Amiri J. A new constitute model for nonlinear fracture analysis of concrete gravity dams including earthquake, International Journal of Engineering Science, 1998, No. 3, Vol. 9, pp. 23-42. (In Persian).##[15] Ghaemian M, Ghobarah A. Nonlinear seismic response of concrete gravity dams with dam-reservoir interaction, Engineering Structures, 1999, Vol. 21, pp. 306-315.##[16] Wang Guangluna OA Pekaub, Zhang Chuhana, Wang Shaomin. Seismic fracture analysis of concrete gravity dams based on nonlinear fracture mechanics, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2000, Vol. 65, pp. 67-87.##[17] José Sena Cruz, Joaquim Barros, Álvaro Azevedo. Elasto-plastic multi-fixed smeared crack model for concrete, Report 04-DEC/E-05, 2006.##[18] Cai Q. Finite element modeling of cracking in concrete gravity dams, Ph.D Thesis in Univercity of Pretoria, 2007.##[19] Attarnejad A, Kalateh F. Numerical simulation of acoustic cavitation in the reservoir and effects on dynamic response of concrete dams, International Journal of Civil Engineering (IJCE), 2012, No. 1, Vol. 10, pp. 72-86.##[20] Newmark NM. Torsion in symmetrical buildings, In: Proceeding of the 4th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 2, Santiago, Chile, 1969, A3.19-A3.32.##[21] Ghafory-Ashtiany M, Singh MP. Structural response for six correlated earthquake components, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1986, Vol. 14, pp. 103-119.##[22] Huang BS. Ground rotational motions of the 1999 Chi Chi, Taiwan earthquake as inferred from dense array observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, Vol. 30, pp. 1307-1310.##[23] Spudich P, Steck LK, Hellweg M, Fletcher JB, Baker LM. transient stresses at parkfield, California, produced by the M7.4 landers earthquake of june 28, 1992, observation from the UPSAR dense seismograph array, Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995, Vol. 100, pp. 675-690.##[24] Trifunac MD. A note on rotational components of earthquake motions on ground surface for incident body waves, International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 1982, Vol. 1, pp. 11-19.##[25] Lee VW, Trifunac MD. Rocking strong earthquake accelerations, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 1987, Vol. 6, pp. 75-89.##[26] Hong-Nan Li, Li-Ye Sun, Su-Yan Wang. Improved approach for obtaining rotational components of seismic motion, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, Vol. 232, pp. 131-137.##[27] Lee VW, Liang L. Rotational components of strong motion earthquakes, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 2008.##[28] Suryanto W, Igel H, Wassermann J, Cochard A, Schuberth B, Vollmer D, Scherbaum F, Schreiber U, Velikoseltsev A. First comparison of array-direct ring laser measurements, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2006, Vol. 96, pp. 2059-2071.##[29] Liu CC, Huang BS, Lee W, Lin CJ. Observation rotational and translational ground motion at the HGSD station in Taiwan from 2007 to 2008, Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 2009, Vol. 99, pp. 1228-1236.##[30] Kalab Z, Knejzlik J. Example of rotational component records of mining induced seismic events from the Karvina region, Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia Journal, 2012, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 173-178.##[31] Awade AM, Humar JL. Dynamic response of buildings to ground motion, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1984, Vol. 11, pp. 48-56.##[32] Gupta VK, Trifunac MD. Investigation of buildings response to translational and rotational earthquake excitations, Report No. CE 89-02, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, 1989.##[33] Goul RK, Chopra AK. Dual-level approach for seismic design of asymmetric-plan buildings, Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 1994, Vol. 120, pp. 161-179.##[34] Takeo M. Ground rotational motions recorded in near-source region of earthquakes, physical Research Letters, 1998, Vol. 25, pp. 789-792.##[35] Ghayamghamian MR, Nouri GR, Igel H, Tobita T. The effect of torsional ground motion on structural response: code recommendation for accidental eccentricity, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2009, No. 2B, Vol. 99, pp. 1261-1270.##[36] Kalani Sarokolayi L, Navayi Neya B, Tavakoli HR, Vaseghi Amiri J. Dynamic analysis of elevated water storage tanks due to ground motions’ rotational and translational components, Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering, AJSE, 2012 (in press).##[37] Kalani Sarokolayi L, Navayi Neya B, Vaseghi Amiri J, Tavakoli HR. Seismic analysis of elevated water storage tanks subjected to six correlated ground motion components, Iranian Journal of Earthquake Engineering, IJEE, Iran, 2012 (in press).##[38] Kalani Sarokolayi L, Navayi Neya B, Vaseghi Amiri J, Tavakoli HR. Effect of rotational components of earthquake on dynamic response of concrete gravity dam considering reservoir interaction, Sharif Journal of Science and Technology, Iran, 2012 (in press).##[39] Clough RW, Penzien J. Dynamics of Structures, second ed, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1993.##[40] Navayi Neya B, Vaseghi Amiri J, Alijani Ardeshir M. A closed form solution for hydrodynamic pressure of reservoir with effect of viscosity under dynamic loading, International Conference on Civil and Engineering ICCEE, Venice, Italy, 2009.##[41] Merriam JL, Kraige LG. Engineering Mechanics- Dynamic, 6th Ed, John Wiley& Sons, 2008.##[42] Chopra AK. Earthquake behavior of reservoir-dam systems, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, 1968, No. EM6, Vol. 94, pp. 1475-1500.## ##

Progressive collapse evaluation of RC symmetric and asymmetric mid-rise and tall buildings under earthquake loads 2 2 Plan irregularity causes local damages being concentrated in the irregular buildings. Progressive collapse is also the collapse of a large portion or whole building due to the local damages in the structure. The effect of irregularity on the progressive collapse potential of the buildings is investigated in this study. This is carried out by progressive collapse evaluation of the asymmetric mid rise and tall buildings in comparison with the symmetric ones via the nonlinear time history analyses in the 6, 9 and 12 story reinforced concrete buildings. The effect of increasing the mass eccentricity levels is investigated on the progressive collapse mechanism of the buildings with respect to the story drift behavior and the number of beam and column collapsed hinges criteria. According to the results, increasing the mass eccentricity levels causes earlier instability with lower number of the collapsed hinges which is necessary to fail the asymmetric buildings and at the same time mitigates the potential of progressive collapse. Moreover, the decreasing trend of the story drifts of the flexible edges is lower than those of the stiff edges and the mass centers and the amount of decrement in the story drifts of the stiff edges is approximately similar to those of the mass centers. 30 44 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/23 1392/4/2 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/21 1392/11/1 S. Karimiyan S. Karimiyan Int’l Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran s.karimiyan@iiees.ac.ir A. Moghadam A. Moghadam Int’l Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran moghadam@iiees.ac.ir A. . Husseinzadeh Kashan A. . Husseinzadeh Kashan Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran : a.kashan@modares.ac.ir M. Karimiyan M. Karimiyan Applied Science and Technology University, Tehran, Iran Progressive collapse Symmetric and asymmetric reinforced concrete mid rise and tall buildings Story drift [1] Ellingwood B. Mitigating risk from abnormal loads and progressive collapse, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2006, Vol. 20, pp. 315-323.##[2] Somes NF. Abnormal loading on buildings and progressive collapse, in building practices for disaster mitigation (Wright, Kramer and Culver, eds.), Building Science, 1973, Series No. 46.##[3] Burnett EFP. Abnormal loading and building safety, american concrete institute, International Concrete Research & Information Portal, 1975, Vol. 48, pp. 141-190.##[4] Bao Yihai Kunnath Sashi K, El-Tawil Sherif, Lew HS. Macromodel-based simulation of progressive collapse, RC frame structures, Structural Engineering, 2012, No. 7, Vol. 134, pp. 1079-1091.##[5] Gurley C. Progressive collapse and earthquake resistance, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 2012, No. 1, Vol. 13, pp. 19-23.##[6] Ettouney M, Smilowitz R, Tang M, Hapij A. Global system considerations for progressive collapse with extensions to other natural and man-made hazards, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2012, Vol. 20, pp. 403-417.##[7] Pekau OA, Cui Yuzhu. Progressive collapse simulation of precast panel shear walls during earthquakes, Computers & Structures, 2005, Nos. 5-6, Vol. 84, pp. 400-412.##[8] Lignos D, Krawinkler H. Development and utilization of structural component databases for performance-based earthquake engineering, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2012, 1943-541X.0000646.##[9] Biskinis D, Fardis MN. Deformations of concrete members at yielding and ultimate under monotonic or cyclic loading (including repaired and retrofitted members), Report Series in Structural and Earthquake Engineering, 2009, Report No. SEE 2009-01.##[10] Panagiotakos TB, Fardis MN. Deformations of reinforced concrete members at yielding and ultimate, Structural Journal, 2009, No. 2, Vol. 98, pp. 135-148.##[11] Kaewkulchai Griengsak, Williamson Eric B. Beam element formulation and solution procedure for dynamic progressive collapse analysis, Computers & Structures, 2003, Nos. 7-8, Vol. 82, pp. 639-651.##[12] Lew HS. Best practices guidelines for mitigation of building progressive collapse, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A 20899-8611, hsl@nist.gov, 2003.##[13] Bažant Zdenfk P, Verdure Mathieu. Mechanics of progressive collapse, learning from world trade center and building demolitions, Engineering Mechanics, 2007, Vol. 3, pp. 133.##[14] El-Tawil S, Khandelwal K, Kunnath S, Lew HS. Macro models for progressive collapse analysis of steel moment frame buildings, Proceedings of the Structures Congress, Long Beach, CA, 2007.##[15] Sasani M, Bazan M, Sagiroglu S. Experimental and analytical progressive collapse evaluation of an actual RC structure, Structural Journal, 2007, No. 6, Vol. 104, pp. 731-739.##[16] Sasani M, Sagiroglu S. Progressive collapse resistance of hotel San Diego, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2008, No. 3, Vol. 134, pp. 478-488.##[17] Sasani M, Kropelnicki J. Progressive collapse analysis of an RC structure, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 2008, No. 4, Vol. 17, pp. 757-771.##[18] Talaat M, Mosalam KM. Modeling progressive collapse in reinforced concrete buildings using direct element removal, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2009, Vol. 38, pp. 609-634.##[19] Khandelwala K, El-Tawila Sh, Sadekb F. Progressive collapse analysis of seismically designed steel braced frames, Constructional Steel Research, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 65, pp. 699-708.##[20] Masoero E, Wittel F, Herrmann H, Chiaia B. Progressive collapse mechanisms of brittle and ductile framed structures, JJournal of Engineering Mechanics, 2010, No. 8, Vol. 136, pp. 987-995.##[21] Hayes Jr, John R, Woodson Stanley C, Pekelnicky Robert G, Poland Chris D, Corley W Gene, Sozen Mete. Can strengthening for earthquake improve blast and progressive collapse resistance?, Structural Engineering, 2012, No. 8, Vol. 131, pp. 1157-1177.##[22] Helmy H, Salem H, Mourad Sh. Progressive collapse assessment of framed reinforced concrete structures according to UFC guidelines for alternative path method, Engineering Structures, 2012, Vol. 42, pp. 127-141.##[23] Kim J, Choi H, Min KW. Use of rotational friction dampers to enhance seismic and progressive collapse resisting capacity of structures, Journal of Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 2011, No. 4, Vol. 20, pp. 515-537. ##[24] Lu XZ, Lin X, Ma Y, Li Y, Ye L. Numerical simulation for the progressive collapse of concrete building due to earthquake, Proceedings of the the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China. 2008.##[25] FEMA P695, Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors, Prepared by Applied Technology Council, www.ATCouncil.org, 2009.##[26] Ibarra LF, Medina RA, Krawinkler H. Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2005, Vol. 34, pp. 1489-1511.##[27] Filippou FC. Analysis platform and member models for performance-based earthquake engineering, U.S, Japan Workshop on Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology for Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, PEER Report 1999/10, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1999, pp. 95-106.##[28] Haselton CB, Deierlein GG. Assessment seismic collapse safety of modern reinforced concrete moment frame building, The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, 2007.##[29] Ibarra LF, Krawinkler H. Global collapse of deteriorating MDOF systems, Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 1-6, Paper No. 116, 2004.##[30] Ibarra LF. Global Collapse of Frame Structures under Seismic Excitations, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 2005.##[31] Lignos DG. Sidesway Collapse of Deteriorating Structural Systems under Seismic Excitations, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 2008.##[32] Lignos DG, Zareian F, Krawinkler H. Reliability of a 4-story steel moment-resisting frame against collapse due to seismic excitations, ASCE Structures Congress, 2008, pp. 1-10.##[33] Krawinkler H, Zareian F, Lignos DG, Ibarra LF. Prediction of collapse of structures under earthquake excitations, COMPDYN 2009, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.##[34] Haselton CB, Liel AB, Deierlein GG. Simulating structural collapse due to earthquakes, model idealization, model calibration, and numerical solution algorithms, COMPDYN2009, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.##[35] Haselton CB, Liel AB, Lange ST, Deierlein GG. Beam-column element model calibrated for predicting flexural response leading to global collapse of RC frame buildings, PEER Report 2007/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering University of California, Berkeley.##[36] Zareian F, Lignos DG, Krawinkler H. Quantification of modeling uncertainties for collapse assessment of structural systems under seismic excitations, COMPDYN 2009, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on, Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.##[37] Zareian F, Medina RA. A practical method for proper modeling of structural damping in inelastic plane structural systems, Computers & Structures, 2010, Vol. 88, pp. 45-53.## ##

Dynamic pressure analysis at chute flip buckets of five dam model studies 2 2 To dissipate energy and invert excessive discharge flow away from high dams into plunge pool, flip buckets are commonly designed and optimized by hydraulic model studies. In the present study, performance of chute flip buckets in different hydraulic and geometry conditions was investigated using experimental data of five different physical models. The collected experimental data such as Froude number, radius of flip bucket and slope of chute covered a wide range of chute flip buckets in prototype. By analyzing the data, relations for dynamic values of maximum and minimum pressures and their location along the flip bucket were extracted. Moreover, pressure distribution along the central axis of flip bucket was defined. Finally, results of the present research were compared with that of the other researches. Results of this study could be used in the design of chute flip buckets in hydraulic engineering. 45 54 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/2 1392/4/11 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/2 1392/7/10 O. Nazari O. Nazari M.Sc. Student, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran omid.nazari@yahoo.com E. Jabbari E. Jabbari Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran jabbari@iust.ac.ir H. Sarkardeh H. Sarkardeh Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran sarkardeh@hsu.ac.ir Dams Physical model Flip bucket Pressure distribution Dynamic pressure [1] Vischer DL, Hager WH. Energy dissipators, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1995.##[2] Vischer DL, Hager WH. Dam hydraulics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1998.##[3] Khatsuria RM. Hydraulics of spillways and energy dissipators, Dekker, New York, 2005.##[4] Novak P, Moffat AIB, Nalluri C, Narayanan R. Hydraulic structures, Spon, London, 2006.##[5] Balloffe A. Pressures on spillway flip buckets, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 1961, No. 5, Vol. 87, pp. 87–98.##[6] Henderson FM, Tierney DG. Flow at the toe of a spillway, La Houille Blanche, Grenoble, France, 1963, No. 1, Vol. 18, pp. 42-50.##[7] Chen TC, Yu YS. Pressure distribution on spillway flip buckets, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 1965, No. 2, Vol. 91, pp. 51-63.##[8] Lenau CW, Cassidy JJ. Flow through spillway flip bucket, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 1969, No. 5, Vol. 95, pp. 633-648.##[9] Varshney RS, Bajaj ML. Ski-jump buckets on Indian dams, Water and Energy International, 1970, No. 4, Vol. 27, pp. 383-393.##[10] Rajan BH, Shivashankara Rao KN. Design of trajectory buckets, Water and Energy International, 1980, No. 1, Vol. 37, pp. 63-76.##[11] Shivashankara Rao KN. (). “Design of energy dissipators for large capacity spillways.” Proc., Brazilian Committee on Large Dams, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1982, Vol. 1, pp. 311-328.##[12] Juon R, Hager WH. Flip bucket without and with deflectors, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2000, No. 11, Vol. 126, pp. 837-845.##[13] Heller V, Hager WH, Minor HE. Ski jump hydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2005, No. 5, Vol. 131, pp. 347-355.##[14] Steiner R, Heller V, Hager WH, Minor HE. Deflector ski jump hydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, No. 5, Vol. 134, pp. 562-571.##[15] Yamini OA, Kvianpour MR. Experimental study of static and dynamic pressures over simple flip bucket, 5th Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology, Mashhad, Iran, 2011.##[16] Kerman Nejad J, Fathi Moghadam M. Dynamic pressure of flip bucket jets, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2011, No. 9, Vol. 12, pp. 1448-1454.##[17] Margot X, Hoyas S, Gil A, Patouna S. Numerical modelling of cavitation: validation and parametric studies, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2012, No. 1, Vol. 6, pp. 15-24.##[18] Mahmoud H, Kriaa W, Mhiri H, Le Palec G, Bournot P. Numerical analysis of recirculation bubble sizes of turbulent co-flowing jet, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2012, No. 1, Vol. 6, pp. 58-73. ##[19] Chau KW, Jiang YW. A three-dimensional pollutant transport model in orthogonal curvilinear and sigma coordinate system for Pearl river estuary, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2004, No. 2, Vol. 21, pp. 188-198.##[20] Wu CL, Chau KW. Mathematical model of water quality rehabilitation with rainwater utilization - a case study at Haigang, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2006, Nos. 3-4, Vol. 28, pp. 534-545.##[21] Chau KW, Jiang Y. 3D numerical model for Pearl River estuary, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 2001, No. 1, Vol. 127, pp. 72-82.##[22] Lopardo R. Stilling basin pressure fluctuations. in model–prototype correlations of hydraulic structures, Proceedings of the International Symposium ASCE, Colorado Springs, (ed. P. H. Burgi), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1988, pp. 56-73.##[23] Novak P, Cabelka J. Model in Hydraulic Engineering, Pitman Advanced Publishing Program, London, 1981.##[24] McCuen RH, Leahy RB, Johnson PA. Problems with logarithmic transformations in regression, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 1990, No. 3, Vol. 116, pp. 414-428.## ##

The combination of fuzzy electre and swot to select private sectors in partnership projects Case study of water treatment project in Iran 2 2 Employer Organizations have increasingly interested in outsourcing their projects in the form of public-private partnership (PPP) due to various reasons such as compromising the resource limitations, entering new technologies to the organization and reducing risk. Choosing the private sector as one of the most basic steps in the formation of PPP is of great importance. The present study aims to introduce a hybrid model to evaluate and choose the private sector as one of the parties in PPP using a combination of SWOT-AHP analysis, as one of the most powerful tools in identifying the problem environment, and Fuzzy ELECTRE analysis to evaluate the existing candidates to participate in the partnership using the criteria resulted from SWOT analysis. In first step, criteria set by an organization, as a case, to choose appropriate private sector were identified using SWOT method during various meetings with qualified experts. Then, the best choice was selected using ELECTRE method. Finally, obtained results were compared with the PROMETHE method. The results showed the effectiveness of our proposed method to select private partnerships especially positive and negative inter-organizational and outer-organizational factors significantly influence the private sector selection. 55 67 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/25 1393/3/4 E. Shakeri E. Shakeri Faculty Member, Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 401, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran, 15914 eshakeri@aut.ac.ir M. Dadpour M. Dadpour Msc in Construction Engineering and Management, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, No. 712, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran, 15914 mohammadhosein_dadpour@yahoo.com H. Abbasian Jahromi H. Abbasian Jahromi PhD in Construction Engineering and Management, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, No. 712, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran, 15914 abasian.hamid@gmail.com Participatory projects Selection of private sector Swot AHP Fuzzy electre [1] cited 2014 20/04/2014]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country#cite_note-1.##[2] Clark KB. Project scope and project performance: the effect of parts strategy and supplier involvement on product development, Management science, 1989, No. 10, Vol. 35, pp. 1247-1263.##[3] Tang L, Shen Q, Cheng EW. A review of studies on public–private partnership projects in the construction industry, International Journal of Project Management, 2010, No. 7, Vol. 28, pp. 683-694.##[4] Winch G. Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance, Building Research & Information, 2000, No. 2, Vol. 28, pp. 141-155.##[5] Akintoye A, Beck M, Hardcastle C. Public private partnerships, Wiley Online Library, 2003.##[6] Kakhki MMH. A critical analysis of Iranian buy-back transactions in the context of international petroleum contractual systems, Durham University, 2008##[7] Zandhessami H, Varaki FM. Key parameters affecting the extraction and prioritize projects with the participation of public and private sectors, Management, 2013, No. 11, Vol. 2, pp. 71-77.##[8] Yusof AB, Salami B. Success Factors for Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Power Plant Projects in Iran.##[9] Ellram LM. The supplier selection decision in strategic partnerships, Journal of Purchasing and materials Management, 1990, No. 4, Vol. 26, pp. 8-14.##[10] Pelton LE, Strutton D, Lumpkin JR. Marketing channels, McGraw-Hill, 2002.##[11] Fang S, Chiang S, Fang S. An integrative model for partner relationship. An empirical research of small and middle firms, Journal of Management, 2002, No. 4, Vol. 19, pp. 615-645.##[12] Mohamed S. Performance in international construction joint ventures: Modeling perspective, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2003, No. 6, Vol. 129, pp. 619-626.##[13] Sillars DN, Kangari R. Predicting organizational success within a project-based joint venture alliance, Journal of construction engineering and management, 2004, No. 4, Vol. 130, pp. 500-508.##[14] Chen HM, Tseng CH. The performance of marketing alliances between the tourism industry and credit card issuing banks in Taiwan, Tourism Management, 2005, No. 1, Vol. 26, pp. 15-24.##[15] Tang W, Duffield CF, Young DM. Partnering mechanism in construction: an empirical study on the Chinese construction industry, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2006, No. 3, Vol. 132, pp. 217-229.##[16] Kumaraswamy MM, Anvuur AM. Selecting sustainable teams for PPP projects, Building and Environment, 2008, No. 6, Vol. 43, pp. 999-1009.##[17] Ye F, Li YN. Group multi-attribute decision model to partner selection in the formation of virtual enterprise under incomplete information, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 5, Vol. 36, pp. 9350-9357.##[18] Ravanshadnia M, Rajaie H, Abbasian H. A comprehensive bid/no-bid decision making framework for construction companies, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transaction B-Engineering, 2011, No. C1, Vol. 35, pp. 95Á103.##[19] Wang J, Xu Y, Li Z. Research on project selection system of pre-evaluation of engineering design project bidding, International Journal of Project Management, 2009, No. 6, Vol. 27, pp. 584-599.##[20] Fong PSW, Choi SKY. Final contractor selection using the analytical hierarchy process, Construction Management and Economics, 2000, No. 5, Vol. 18, pp. 547-557.##[21] Mahdi IM, et al. A multi‐criteria approach to contractor selection, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 2002, No. 1, Vol. 9, pp. 29-37.##[22] Wang YM, Elhag T. Fuzzy TOPSIS method based on alpha level sets with an application to bridge risk assessment, Expert Systems with Applications, 2006, No. 2, Vol. 31, pp. 309-319.##[23] Opricovic S, Tzeng GH. Extended VIKOR method in comparison with outranking methods, European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, No. 2, Vol. 178, pp. 514-529.##[24] Ghodsypour SH, O\'brien C. A decision support system for supplier selection using an integrated analytic hierarchy process and linear programming, International Journal of Production Economics, 1998, Vol. 56, pp. 199-212.##[25] Wang JW, Cheng CH, Huang KC. Fuzzy hierarchical TOPSIS for supplier selection, Applied Soft Computing, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 9, pp. 377-386.##[26] Chu TC. Selecting plant location via a fuzzy TOPSIS approach, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2002, No. 11, Vol. 20, pp. 859-864.##[27] Jee DH, Kang KJ. A method for optimal material selection aided with decision making theory, Materials & design, 2000, No. 3, Vol. 21, pp. 199-206.##[28] Edwards K, Deng YM. Supporting design decision-making when applying materials in combination, Materials & design, 2007, No. 4, Vol. 28, pp. 1288-1297.##[29] Hwang CL, Yoon K. Multiple attribute decision making, Springer, 1981.##[30] Yoon K. A reconciliation among discrete compromise solutions, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1987, pp. 277-286.##[31] Opricovic S. Multicriteria optimization of civil engineering systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, 1998, No. 1, Vol. 2, pp. 5-21.##[32] Opricovic S, Tzeng GH. Compromise solution by MCDM methods: A comparative analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS, European Journal of Operational Research, 2004, No. 2, Vol. 156, pp. 445-455.##[33] Brans JP. L\'élaboration d\'instruments d\'aide à la décision, Nadeau, Raymond et Maurice Landry, 1986, pp. 183-213.##[34] Olson DL. Comparison of three multicriteria methods to predict known outcomes, European Journal of Operational Research, 2001, No. 3, Vol. 130, pp. 576-587.##[35] Roy B. Multicriteria methodology for decision aiding, 1996, Vol. 12, Springer.##[36] Roy B, Bertier P. La Méthode Electre II (Une application au média-planning...), 1973.##[37] Jahanshahloo GR, Lotfi FH, Izadikhah M. An algorithmic method to extend TOPSIS for decision-making problems with interval data, Applied mathematics and computation, 2006, No. 2, Vol. 175, pp. 1375-1384.##[38] Liu W, Zeng L. A new TOPSIS method for fuzzy multiple attribute group decision making problem, Journal of Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 2008, No. 1, Vol. 28, pp. 59-62.##[39] Zhu H, Zhang G, Shao X. Study on the application of fuzzy TOPSIS to multiple criteria group decision making problem, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2007, Vol. 1, pp. 99-102.##[40] Sevkli M. An application of the fuzzy ELECTRE method for supplier selection, International Journal of Production Research, 2010, No. 12, Vol. 48, pp. 3393-3405.##[41] Vahdani B, et al. Extension of the ELECTRE method for decision-making problems with interval weights and data, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2010, Nos. 5-8, Vol. 50, pp. 793-800.##[42] Kaya T, Kahraman C. An integrated fuzzy AHP–ELECTRE methodology for environmental impact assessment, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 7, Vol. 38, pp. 8553-8562.##[43] Wu MC, Chen TY. The ELECTRE multicriteria analysis approach based on Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 10, Vol. 38, pp. 12318-12327.##[44] Dincer O. Strategy management and organization policy, Beta Publication, Istanbul, 2004.##[45] Hill T, Westbrook R. SWOT analysis: it\'s time for a product recall, Long Range Planning, 1997, No. 1, Vol. 30, pp. 46-52.##[46] Osuna EE, Aranda A. Combining SWOT and AHP techniques for strategic planning, in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (August 2-6 2007, Viña del Mar, Chile), http://chile2007. isahp. org, 2007.##[47] Saaty T. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Planning, Piority Setting, Resource Allo-cation, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1980.##[48] Hatami-Marbini A, Tavana M. An extension of the Electre I method for group decision-making under a fuzzy environment, Omega, 2011, No. 4, Vol. 39, pp. 373-386.##[49] Roy B. Classement et choix en présence de points de vue multiples, RAIRO-Operations Research-Recherche Opérationnelle, 1968, No. V1, Vol. 2, pp. 57-75.##[50] An M, Baker C, Zeng J. A fuzzy-logic-based approach to qualitative risk modeling in the construction process, World Journal of Engineering, 2005, No. 1, Vol. 2, pp. 1-12.## ##

Investigation of long term coupled effect of high temperature and constant high humidity on corrosion rehabilitated patches of reinforced concrete structures 2 2 This paper aims at finding the long term coupled effect of high temperature and constant high relative humidity on the corrosion rehabilitated patches of chloride contaminated steel reinforced concrete. This paper is an extension of previous research in which the authors experimentally corroborated re-corrosion in the repaired reinforced concrete (RC) patches in the form of macro-cells. In previous research, the coupled effect was investigated by laboratory controlled experimentation at varying temperature of 30, 40 and 50°C and a high ambient relative humidity of 85% in environmental control chambers for duration of one year. The specimens were prepared having total chloride concentration in mixing water 3% and 5 % by mass of binder. In this present research paper, the two year results of the same specimens are presented to get a deep insight of the long term phenomenon of macro-cell corrosion under the coupled effect of high temperature and humidity on repaired RC patches. 69 75 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/23 1392/6/1 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/10 1392/9/19 Raja Rizwan Hussain Raja Rizwan Hussain Associate Professor, CoE-CRT, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia rhussain@ksu.edu.sa M. Wasim M. Wasim College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia M. A. Baloch M. A. Baloch CEREM, Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia Macro-cell corrosion Electrochemistry High temperature High relative humidity reinforced concrete Long term experimentation [1] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Influence of connectivity of concrete pores and associated diffusion of oxygen on corrosion of steel under high humidity, Construction and Building Materials Journal, 2010, No. 6, Vol. 24, pp.1014-1019.##[2] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Development of numerical model for fem computation of oxygen transport through porous media coupled with micro-cell corrosion model of steel in concrete structures, Computers and Structures Journal, 2010, Nos. 9-10, Vol. 88, pp.639-647.##[3] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Experimental investigation of time dependent non linear 3d relationship between critical carbonation depth and corrosion of steel in carbonated concrete, Journal of Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2010, No. 5, Vol. 46, pp. 657-660 (4), U.K.##[4] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Investigation of volumetric effect of coarse aggregate on corroding steel reinforcement at the interfacial transition zone of concrete, submitted to KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2010, No. 1, Vol. 15, pp. 153-160.##[5] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Enhanced electro-chemical corrosion model for reinforced concrete under severe coupled environmental action of chloride and temperature, Construction and Building Materials Journal, 2010, No. 3, Vol. 25, pp. 1305-1315.##[6] Hussain RR. Enhanced classical tafel diagram model for corrosion of steel in chloride contaminated concrete and the non linear experimental effect of temperature, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2010, No. 2, Vol. 4, pp.71-75.##[7] Hussain RR, Tetsuya I. Novel approach towards calculation of averaged activation energy based on arrhenius plot for modeling of the effect of temperature on chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete, Journal of ASTM International, 2010, No. 5, Vol. 7, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1520/JAI102667.##[8] Hussain RR. Effect of moisture variation on oxygen consumption rate of corroding steel in chloride contaminated concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 33, pp. 154-161.##[9] Hussain RR, Wasim M. Tetsuya Ishida. Induced macro-cell corrosion phenomenon in the simulated repaired reinforced concrete patch, Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2010, No. 1, Vol. 8, pp. 53-60.##[10] Wasim M, Hussain RR. Unique declining electrochemical trend of macro-cell half-cell potential with increase in temperature at constant high humidity for corroding steel bars in repaired concrete patches, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol. 7, pp. 1412-1423.##[11] GECOR-8. http://www.ndtjames.com/Gecor-8-p/c-cs-8.htm, cited on June 11, 2013.##[12] ASTM C 876-09. Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials, USA, 2009.##[13] Andrade C, Alonso C, Sarra J. Corrosion rate evolution in concrete structures exposed to the atmosphere, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2002, Vol. 24, pp. 55-64.## ##

Load carrying system characteristics of existing Turkish RC building stock 2 2 Seismic performance and loss assessment studies for stock of buildings are generally based on representative models due to extremely large number of vulnerable buildings. The main problem is the proper reflection of the building stock characteristics well enough by limited number of representative models. This study aims to provide statistical information of structural parameters of Turkish building stock for proper modeling using a detailed inventory study including 475 low and mid-rise RC building with 40351 columns and 3128 beams for member properties. Thirty-five different parameters of existing low and mid-rise Turkish RC building stock are investigated. An example application is given to express use of given statistical information. The outcomes of the current study and previous studies are compared. The comparison shows that the previous studies have guidance for limited number of parameters while the current study provides considerably wide variety of structural and member parameters for proper modeling. 76 91 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/232013/09/3 1392/6/12 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/102014/01/27 1392/11/7 H. B. Ozmen H. B. Ozmen Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Usak University, Usak, Turkey baytan.ozmen@usak.edu.tr M. Inel M. Inel Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey minel@pau.edu.tr S. M. Senel S. M. Senel Association Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey smsenel@pau.edu.tr A. H. Kayhan A. H. Kayhan Association Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey hkayhan@pau.edu.tr Earthquake Seismic Loss assessment Modeling Structural properties Statistical data [1] Sezen H, Whittaker AS, Elwood KJ, Mosalam KW. Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and the seismic design and construction practice in Turkey, Engineerign Structures, 2003, Vol. 25, pp. 103-114.##[2] Ozcebe G. Development of Methods for the Assessment of Seismic Safety, Report No: Tubitak Ictag Ymau I574, Ankara, 2004.##[3] Inel M, Bilgin H, Ozmen HB. Performance of mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings during recent earthquakes in Turkey, Tek. Dergi, 2008, No. 1, Vol. 19, pp. 4319-4331.##[4] Building Census 2000. State Institute of Statics Prime Ministry of Turkey, Ankara, 2001.##[5] Irtem E, Hasgul U. Investigation of effects of nonlinear static analysis procedures to performance evaluation on low-rise rc buildings, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2009, No. 6, Vol. 23, pp. 456-466.##[6] Arslan MH. An evaluation of effective design parameters on earthquake performance of rc buildings using neural networks, Engineering Structures, 2010, No. 7, Vol. 32, pp. 1888-1898.##[7] Inel M, Ozmen HB, Bilgin H. Re-evaluation of building damages during recent earthquakes in Turkey, Engineering Structures, 2008, No. 2, Vol. 30, pp. 412-427.##[8] Ozmen HB. Evaluation of Factors that Affects Seismic Performance of Low and Mid-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings, PhD Thesis, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 2011.##[9] Bal IE, Crowley H, Pinho R, Gulay FG. Detailed assessment of structural characteristics of Turkish RC building stock for loss assessment models, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2008, Vol. 28, pp. 914-932.##[10] Bal IE, Gülay FG, Görgülü O. Investigation on structural characteristics of RC buildings in adana for use in loss estimation models, 6th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 2007, Vol. I, Istanbul, pp. 411-422.##[11] Ay BO. A proposed ground motion selection and scaling procedure for structural systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 2012. ##[12] Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-1998), Specifications for buildings to be built in seismic areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, 1998.##[13] Akkar S, Sucuoglu H, Yakut A. Displacement based fragility functions for low- and mid-rise ordinary concrete buildings, Hquake Spectra, 2005, No. 4, Vol. 21, pp. 901-927.##[14] Inel M, Bilgin H, Ozmen HB. Seismic evaluation of existing mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings according to specification for building structures to be built in disaster areas, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2007, No. 1, Vol. 12, pp. 81-89. ##[15] Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-1975), Specifications for buildings to be built in seismic areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, 1975.##[16] Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-2007), Specifications for buildings to be built in seismic areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, 2007.##[17] Inel M, Ozmen HB, Akyol E. Observations on the building damages after 19 may 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2013, No. 1, Vol. 11, pp. 255-283.##[18] Inel M, Senel SM, Toprak S, Manav Y. Seismic risk assessment of buildings in urban areas: a case study for Denizli Turkey, Natural Hazards, 2008, No. 3, Vol. 46, pp. 265-285.##[19] Akyüz S, Uyan M. An investigation on the steel bars used in Turkey, Tek. Dergi, 1992, Vol. 35, pp. 497-508.##[20] Ozkul MH. Çelik Donatıların Deprem Yönetmeliği Açısından İncelenmesi, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 2003, in Turkish.##[21] Inel M, Senel SM, Un H. Experimental evaluation of concrete strength in existing buildings, Magazine of Concrete Research, 2008, No. 4, Vol. 60, pp. 279-289. ##[22] Inel M, Ozmen HB, Bilgin H. Seismic performance evaluation of school buildings in Turkey, Structural Engineering & Mechanics, 2008, No. 5, Vol. 30, pp. 535-558.##[23] Ozmen HB, Inel M, Akyol E, Cayci BT, Un H. Evaluations on the relation of RC building damages with structural parameters after May 19, 2011, Simav (Turkey) Earthquake Nat, Hazards, 2014, No. 1, Vol. 71, pp. 63-84.##[24] Santiago P, Ramirez J, Sarria A. Observations on the behaviour of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings, january 25 Colombia earthquake. At: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lessons /colombia.pdf, 2003.##[25] Dogangun A. Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the may 1 2003 Bingol Earthquake in Turkey, Engineering Structures, 2004, No. 6, Vol. 26, pp. 841-856.##[26] Panagiotakos TB, Fardis MN. Seismic response of infilled RC frames structures, 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico, paper no. 225, 1996##[27] Ersin D. Ambient forced vibrations and implementing the infill walls to mechanical models, MSc thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 1997.##[28] Erol G, Yuksel E, Saruhan H, Sagbas G, Tuga PT, Karadogan HF. A complementary experimental work on brittle partitioning walls and strengthening by carbon fibers, In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 2004.##[29] Inel M, Bucakli M, Ozmen HB. Effect of frame discontinuity on performance of reinforced concrete buildings, Sakarya International Symposium of Earthquake Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey, 2009.##[30] Ozmen HB, Inel M, Bilgin H. Effect of confined concrete behaviour on reinforced concrete sections and systems, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 2007, No. 2, Vol. 22, pp. 375-383.## ##

Study on the flexural behaviors of RC beams after freeze-thaw cycles 2 2 In order to investigate the flexural behaviors of RC beams after freeze-thaw cycles, compressive strength test of concrete cubes after 0, 50, 100, 125 freeze-thaw cycles were made, and static flexural experiment of 48 RC beams after 0, 50, 100, 125 freeze-thaw cycles were made. The relationships of relative compressive strength, mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus and numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed. The influences of different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles on the flexural behaviors of RC beams with different concrete grades were studied. The results show that concrete cubes’ mass, relative dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength decrease with the increasing of freeze-thaw cycles, and high-strength grade concrete could slow down the damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles. Experimental values of test beams stiffness under short-term load were smaller than theory value. Some under-reinforced RC beams occurs over-reinforced failure mode after freeze-thaw cycles. Boundary reinforcement ratio of RC beams after certain numbers of freeze-thaw cycles was derived and its correctness was verified by experiment. Current code for design of concrete structures about crack load and ultimate load are still suitable for RC beams after freeze-thaw cycles. 92 101 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/232013/09/32013/09/24 1392/7/2 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/102014/01/272014/01/21 1392/11/1 D. F. CAO D. F. CAO College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China China jshagwj@163.com W. J. GE W. J. GE College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China China gewj@yzu.edu.cn B. Y. WANG B. Y. WANG College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China China Y. M. Tu Y. M. Tu Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structure of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China China Freeze-thaw cycles Concrete beams Flexural behaviors Experimental study [1] Richardson A, Coventry K. Bacon J. Freeze/thaw durability of concrete with recycled demolition aggregate compared to virgin aggregate concrete, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2011, Vol. 19, pp. 272-277.##[2] Shashank Bishnoi, Taketo Uomoto. Strain-temperature hysteresis in concrete under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2008, Vol. 30, pp. 374-380.##[3] Yanchun Yun, Yu-Fei Wu. Durability of lightweight concretes with lightweight fly ash aggregates, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2011, Vol. 65, pp. 401-412.##[4] Chetan Hazaree, Halil Ceylan, Kejin Wang. Influences of mixture composition on properties and freeze-thaw resistance of RCC. Construction and Building Materials, 2011, Vol. 25, pp. 313-319.##[5] Kevern JT, Wang K, Schaefer VR. Effect of coarse aggregate on the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete, Journal of Materials In Civil Engineering, 2010, Vol. 22, pp. 469-475.##[6] JI Xiaodong, SONG Yupu. Mechanism of bond degradation between concrete and plain steel bar after freezing and thawing, Journal of Building Structures, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 32, pp. 70-74.##[7] Rami H. Haddad, Karim S. Numayr. Effect of alkali-silica reaction and freezing and thawing action on concrete-steel bond, Construction and Building Materials, 2007, Vol. 21, pp. 428-435.##[8] Pierluigi Colombi, Giulia Fava, Carlo Poggi. Bond strength of CFRP-concrete elements under freeze-thaw cycles, Composite Structures, 2010, Vol. 92, pp. 973-983.##[9] Shehab M. Soliman, Ehab El-Salakawy, Brahim Benmokrane. Bond Performance of Near-Surface-Mounted FRP Bars, Composite Structures, 2010, Vol. 92, pp. 973-983.##[10] Yanchun Yun, Yu-Fei Wu. Durability of CFRP-concrete joints under freeze-thaw cycling, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2011, Vol. 65, pp. 401-412.##[11] Zhu Jiang. Characteristic investigation of the prestressed concrete beams under cycle freezing and thawing. Yangzhou: Master Thesis of Yangzhou University, 2006. ##[12] Wang HongWei. Caculation model of reinforced concrete bending members under freeze-thaw environment. Harbin: Master thesis of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2007. ##[13] Ren Huitao, Hu Anni, Zhao Guofan. The influence of freeze-thaw action on behavior of concrete beams strengthened by glass fiber reinforced plastics, China Civil Engineering Journal, 2004, No. 4, Vol. 37, pp. 105-110.##[14] MIAO Jijun，ZENG Zaipin，LIU Yanchun，LIU Caiwei，WANG Junfu. Research on behaviors of concrete members strengthened by basalt fiber reinforced plastic sheets under freeze-thaw environment, Journal of Building Structures, 2009, No. s2, pp. 266-269.##[15] Zhang Juanxiu, Ye Jianshu, Yao Weifa. Fatigue behavior of RC beams strengthened with CFRP sheets after freeze-thaw cycling action, Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2010, No. 5, Vol. 40, pp. 1034-1038.##[16] CHEN Jianwei, HU Haitao, WANG Xibin, CHEN Wei, SUN Yanying. Experiment with the freeze-thaw of the concrete beams reinforced by bfrp, Journal of QingDao Technological University, 2008, No. 3, Vol. 29, pp. 27-30.##[17] DIAO Bo, SUN Yang, MA Bin. Experiment of persistent loading reinforced concrete beams under alternative actions of a mixed aggressive solution and freeze-thaw cycles, Journal of Building Structures, 2009, No. s2, pp. 281-286.## ##

Shape optimization of arch dams with frequency constraints by enhanced charged system search algorithm and neural network 2 2 The main aim of this paper is to find the optimum shape of arch dams subjected to multiple natural frequency constraints by using an efficient methodology. The optimization is carried out by charged system search algorithm and its enhanced version. Computing the natural frequencies by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) during the optimization process is time consuming. In order to reduce the computational burden, Back Propagation (BP) neural network is trained and utilized to predict the arch dam natural frequencies. It is demonstrated that the optimum design obtained by the Enhanced Charged System Search using the BP network is the best compared with the results of other algorithms. The numerical results show the computational advantageous of the proposed methodology. 102 111 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/232013/09/32013/09/242014/06/26 1393/4/5 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/102014/01/272014/01/212014/11/12 1393/8/21 A. Kaveh A. Kaveh Centre of Excellence for Fundamental Studies in Structural Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran-16, Iran alikave@iust.ac.ir R. Ghaffarian R. Ghaffarian Centre of Excellence for Fundamental Studies in Structural Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran-16, Iran reza_ghaf87@yahoo.com Arch dam Finite element Frequency constraint Enhanced charged system search Optimum shape design Neural network [1] Gholizadeh S, Salajegheh E, Torkzadeh P. Structural optimization with frequency constraints by genetic algorithm using wavelet radial basis function neural network, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2008, Vol. 312, pp. 316-331.##[2] Zhu B, Rao B, Jia J, Li Y. Shape optimization of arch dam for static and dynamic loads, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1992, Vol. 118, pp. 2996-3015.##[3] Zhu B. Shape optimization of arch dams, Water Power Dam Constuction, 1987, Vol. 1, pp. 43-48.##[4] Yao TM, Choi KK. Shape optimal design of an arch dam, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1989, Vol. 115, pp. 2401-2405.##[5] Kaveh A. Mahdavi VR. Shape optimization of arch dams under earthquake loading using meta-heuristic algorithms, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013, Vol. 17, pp. 1690-1699.##[6] Akabri J, Ahmadi MT, Moharrami H. Advances in arch dams shape optimization, Journal of Applied Mathematical Modeling, 2011, Vol. 35, pp. 3316-3333.##[7] Kaveh A. Talatahari S. A novel heuristic optimization method: charged system search, Acta Mechanica, 2010, Nos. 3-4, Vol. 213, pp. 267-289.##[8] Kaveh A. Talatahari S. An enhanced charged system search for configuration optimization using the concept of field of forces, Structural Multidisciplinary Optimization, 2011, No. 2, Vol. 43, pp. 339-351.##[9] Kaveh A. Zolghadr A. Truss optimization with natural frequency constraints using a hybridized CSS-BBBC algorithm with trap recognition capability, Computers and Structures, 2012, Vol. 102, pp. 14-27.##[10] Gholizadeh S, Seyedpoor SM. Optimum design of arch dams for frequency limitations, International Journal of Optimization in Civil Engineering, 2011, Vol. 1, pp. 1-14.##[11] Kaveh A, Mahdavi VR. Colliding bodies optimization for optimal design of arch dams with frequency limitations, International Journal of Optimization in Civil Engineering, 2014, Vol. 4, pp. 473-490.##[12] Seyedpoor SM, Salajegheh J, Salajegheh E, Gholizadeh S. Optimum shape design of arch dams for earthquake loading using fuzzy inference system and wavelet neural networks, Engineering Optimization, 2009, Vol. 41, pp. 473-493.##[13] Gholizadeh S, Samavati OA. Structural optimization by wavelet transforms and neural networks. Applied Mathematical Modeling, 2011, Vol. 35, pp. 915-929.##[14] Salajegheh E, Gholizadeh S. Optimum design of structures by an improved genetic algorithm and neural networks, Advances in Engineering Software, 2005, Vol. 36, pp. 757-767.##[15] ANSYS. Theory Reference of Release 13.0, Documentation for ANSYS, ANSYS Inc. 2010.##[16] Hall JF, Chopra AK. Dynamic analysis of arch dams including hydrodynamic effects, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1983, Vol. 109, pp. 149-167.##[17] Tan H, Chopra AK. Dam-foundation rock interaction effects in earthquake response of arch dams, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1996, Vol. 122, pp. 528-538.##[18] Varshney RS. Concrete Dams, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1982.##[19] Gholizadeh S. Seyedpoor SM. Optimum shape design of arch dams by a combination of simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation and genetic algorithm methods. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2008, No. 5, Vol. 11, pp. 501-510.##[20] MATLAB. The Language of Technical Computing, Math Works Inc, 2009.##[21] Kaveh A. Advances is meta-heuristic algorithms for optimal design of structures, Springer Verlag, Wien-New York, 2014.##[22] Kaveh A, Talatahari S. Particle swarm optimizer, ant colony strategy and harmony search scheme hybridized for optimization of truss structures, Computers and Structures, 2009, No. 56, Vol. 87, pp. 267-283.##[23] Hagan MT, Demuth HB. Beal MH. Neural Network Design, PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 1996.##[24] Hagan MT, Menhaj M. Training feed-forward networks with the Marquardt algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Neural Network, 1999, Vol. 5, pp. 989-993.## ##

Finite element modeling of incremental bridge launching and study on behavior of the bridge during construction stages 2 2 Incremental launching is a widespread bridge erection technique which may offer many advantages for bridge designers. Since internal forces of deck vary perpetually during construction stages, simulation and modeling of the bridge behavior, for each step of launching, are tedious and time consuming tasks. The problem becomes much more complicated in construction progression. Considering other load cases such as support settlements or temperature effects makes the problem more intricate. Therefore, modeling of construction stages entails a reliable, simple, economical and fast algorithmic solution. In this paper, a new Finite Element (FE) model for study on static behavior of bridges during launching is presented. Also a simple method is introduced to normalize all quantities in the problem. The new FE model eliminates many limitations of some previous models. To exemplify, the present model is capable to simulate all the stages of launching, yet some conventional models of launching are insufficient for them. The problem roots from the main assumptions considered to develop these models. Nevertheless, by using the results of the present FE model, some solutions are presented to improve accuracy of the conventional models for the initial stages. It is shown that first span of the bridge plays a very important role for initial stages it was eliminated in most researches. Also a new simple model is developed named as "semi infinite beam" model. By using the developed model with a simple optimization approach, some optimal values for launching nose specifications are obtained. The study may be suitable for practical usages and also useful for optimizing the nose-deck system of incrementally launched bridges. 112 125 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/232013/09/32013/09/242014/06/262014/01/26 1392/11/6 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/102014/01/272014/01/212014/11/122014/05/26 1393/3/5 A. Shojaei A. Shojaei Graduate student of structural engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran a.shojaei@cv.iut.ac.ir H. Tajmir Riahi H. Tajmir Riahi Assistant professor, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran tajmir@eng.ui.ac.ir M. Hirmand M. Hirmand Graduate student of structural Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran mohammad.hirmand@gmail.com Incremental bridge launching Finite element method Nose – deck system Optimization Semi infinite beam model [1] Störfix. Website of the Wikimedia commons. [Online] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Truckenthalbruecke-Juni2010-2.jpg, 2010.##[2] Rosignoli M. Bridge Launching, Thomas Telford, London, 2002.##[3] Marzouk M, El-Dein HZ, El-Said M. Application of computer simulation to construction of incremental launching bridges, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2007, No. 1, Vol. 13, pp. 27-36.##[4] Rosignoli M. Nose-deck interaction in launched prestressed concrete bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 1998, No. 1, Vol. 3, pp. 21-27.##[5] Zellner W, Svensson H. Incremental launching of structures, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1983, No. 2, Vol. 109, pp. 520-37.##[6] AASHTO, Bridge construction practices using incremental launching, Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, 2007.##[7] Marchetti ME. Specific design problems to bridges built using the incremental launching method, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1984, No. 3, Vol. 6, pp. 185-210.##[8] Fontan AN, Diaz JM, Baldomir A, Hernandez S. Improved optimization formulations for launching nose of incrementally launched prestressed concrete bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2011, No. 3, Vol. 16, pp. 461-470.##[9] Rosignoli M. Reduces-transfer-matrix method for analysis of launched bridges, Structural Journal, 1999, No. 4, Vol. 96, 603–608.##[10] Sasmal S, Ramanjaneluyu K, Srinivas V, Gopalakrishnan S. Simplified computational methodology for analysis and studies on behavior of incrementally launched continuous bridges, Structural Engineering & Mechanics, 2004, No. 2, Vol. 17, pp. 245-266.##[11] Sasmal S, Ramanjaneluyu K. Transfer matrix method for construction phase analysis of incrementally launched prestressed concrete bridges, Engineering Structures, 2006, No. 13, Vol. 28, pp. 1897-1910.##[12] Arici M, Granata MF. Analysis of curved incrementally launched box concrete bridges using the transfer matrix method, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2007, Nos. 3-4, Vol. 3, pp. 165–181.##[13] Jung K, Kim K, Sim CW, Jay Kim JH. Verification of incremental launching construction safety for the ilsun bridge, the world’s longest and widest prestressed concrete box girder with corrugated steel web section, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2011, No. 3, Vol. 16, pp. 453-460.##[14] Lee HW, Ahn TW, Kim KY. Nose-deck interaction in ilm bridge proceeding with tapered sectional launching nose, Computational Mechanics, Beijing, China, 2004.##[15] Nie JG, Cai CS. Steel–concrete composite beams considering shear slip effects, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2003, No. 4, Vol. 129, pp. 495-506. ##[16] Nie JG, Cai CS, Zhou TR, Li Y. Experimental and analytical study of prestressed steel–concrete composite beams considering slip effect, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2007, No. 4, Vol. 133, pp. 530-540.##[17] Sennah K, Kennedy JB, Nour S. Design for shear in curved composite multiple steel box girder bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2003, No. 3, Vol. 8, pp. 144-152.##[18] Vanderplaats GN. Numerical Optimization Techniques for Engineering Design: with Applications, McGraw-Hill New York, 1984.## ##

Aging effect on physical properties of municipal solid waste at the Kahrizak Landfill, Iran 2 2 The physical properties of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Kahrizak Landfill (Tehran, Iran) and its changes due to aging were investigated in this research. A study of the components of the fresh MSW in this landfill showed that more than 60% of it was made from the wastes of foods, fruits, vegetables and organic materials. Next to that, paper/cardboard and plastics, with contributions of 14% and 11%, comprised the greatest parts of the waste materials. Meanwhile, the results obtained from these studies revealed that the contribution of the organic part has been decreased during the last two decade by about 20% while the plastics and paper/cardboard contribution has been increased by the same amount. In order to investigate the effect of aging on the physical properties of MSW, waste samples of 5.5, 14 and 21 years of age were obtained by excavating the aged waste burial regions of this landfill. A study of the changes in the composition of waste materials through aging also revealed that the portion of paste was decreased from 25% to 40% due to the decomposition process, while the contribution of plastics and fabrics was increased up to 200%. Particle size became finer with the mean size being reduced from 70 mm in the fresh wastes to 20 mm in 21-year-old wastes due to the decomposition process. The moisture content of the fresh waste samples was reported to be more than 150%, which was considerably larger than that of other existing landfills. Along with the increase in the age of the waste samples, the moisture content was decreased by as much as one third of the initial value. Furthermore, since the waste mass became more homogeneous by age, the variation of the moisture content was reduced. The organic content of the 14-year-old waste was found to be 20%, which was less than 0.3 of the initial value. Moreover, the variation of the organic content in the waste samples was directly related to the moisture content of the samples with both parameters being reduced to less than one third of the initial value in the older samples. Investigation of the moisture content and the organic content of the aged samples showed that the burial location had a significant effect on the trend of variations. The average density of the fresh waste was measured to be 3.5 and 7.3 kN/m3 after production and burial, respectively. It was found that the average density of the fresh waste grew to about 12kN/m3 as the age was increased. 126 136 2013/06/102013/06/212013/06/232013/07/22013/07/32013/08/232013/09/32013/09/242014/06/262014/01/262013/04/29 1392/2/9 2013/10/122013/12/222014/01/212013/10/22014/05/252013/12/102014/01/272014/01/212014/11/122014/05/262014/01/27 1392/11/7 N. Shariatmadari N. Shariatmadari Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran shariatmadari@iust.ac.ir A.H. Sadeghpour A.H. Sadeghpour Assistant Professor, University of Kashan sadeghpour@iust.ac.ir M. Mokhtari M. Mokhtari Assistant Professor, Yazd University mokhtari.ma@yahoo.com Municipal solid waste Aging MSW compositions Organic content Degradation Kahrizak landfill [1] Blight GE, Fourie AB. Catastrophe revisited–disastrous flow failures of mine and municipal solid waste, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2005, Vol .23, pp. 219-248. ##[2] Koelsch F, Fricke K, Mahler C, Damanhuri E. Stabilityoflandfills–the Bandung dumpsite disaster. In: CISA (Hrsg.), Paper presented at Proceedings of the 10th International Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 2005.##[3] Merry SM, Kavazanjian Jr E, Fritz W. Payatas landfill failure, Journal of Performance of constructed Facilities, 2005, No. 2, Vol. 19, pp. 100-107.##[4] Landva AO, Clark JI, Weisner WR, Burwash WJ. Geotechnical engineering and refuse landfills, Paper presented at Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Waste Management, Canada, Vancouver, BC, 1984, pp. 1-37.##[5] Dixon N, Russell ND, Jones V. Engineering properties of municipal solid waste, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2005, 2005, Vol. 23, pp. 205-233.##[6] Zekkos D, Bray JD, Kavazanjian E, Matasovic N, Rathje EM, Riemer MF, Stokoe KH. Unit weight of municipal solid waste, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2006, No. 10, Vol. 132, pp. 1250-1261.##[7] Zekkos D, Kavazanjian E, Bray J, Matasovic N, Riemer MF. Physical characterization of municipal solid waste for geotechnical purposes, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvirometal Engineering, pp. 1231-1241.##[8] Oettle NK, Matasovic N, Kavazanjian E, Rad N, Conkle, C. Characterization and placement of municipal solid waste as engineered fill, paper presented at Global Waste Management Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, 2010.##[9] Hyun IP, Borinara P, Hong KD. Geotechnical considerations for end-use of old municipal solid waste landfills, International Journal of Environmental Research, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 573-584.##[10] Machado SL, Karimpour-Fard M, Shariatmadari N, Carvalho MF, Nascimento JCF. Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of MSW in two Brazilian landfills, Waste Management, 2010, Vol. 30, pp. 2579-2591.##[11] Chen YM, Zhan TL, Wei HY, Ke H. Aging and compressibility of municipal solid waste, Waste Management, 2009, Vol. 29, pp. 86-95.##[12] Reddy KR, Hettiarachchi H, Gangathulasi J, Bogner JE. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation, Waste Management, 2011, Vol. 31, pp. 2275-2286.##[13] Shariatmadari N, Mansouri N, Zarrabi M. Effect of waste compaction in landfill settlement-a case study in Iran, paper presented at Proceeding of the 12th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, 2009.##[14] Ministry of Energy, Precipitation data orumieh lake and central basins, iran water resources management organization, Water Resources Research Center, Surface Water Department, Ministry of Energy Publication, 2010.##[15] Aghanabat A. Geology survey of Iran, Ministry of Industry and Mine publication, 2006.##[16] GNCE (Ghods Niroo Consulting Engineers). Feasibility study of Rey powerplant reports, Ghods Niroo Publication, Tehran, 2008.##[17] Gidarakos E, Havas G, Ntzamilis P. Municipal solid waste composition determination supporting the integrated solid waste management system in the island of Crete, Waste Management, 2005, Vol. 26, pp. 668-679.##[18] Feng Shi-jin. Static and dynamic strength properties of municipal solid waste and stability analyses of landfill, PhD thesis of Zhejiang University Hangzhou, 2005. (in Chinese).##[19] Machado SL, Carvalho FM, Gourc JP, Vilar OM, Julio & Nascimento CF. Methane generation in tropical landfills, Simplified methods and field results, Waste Management, 2009, Vol. 29, pp. 153-161.##[20] Kalantarifard A, Yang G. Energy potential from municipal solid waste in tanjung langsat landfill, Johor, Malaysia, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2011, No. 12, Vol. 3, pp. 8560-8568.##[21] Zekkos DP. Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of municipal solid waste, Ph.D thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2005.##[22] Karimpour-Fard M. Mechanical behavior of MSW Materials with Different Initial State under Static Loading. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geotechnical Engineering, Dissertation, Iran University of Science and Technology, 2009, (in Persian).##[23] Siegel RA, Robertson RJ, Anderson D.G. slope stability investigations at a landfill in southern california, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, Special Technical Publication, 1990, STP 1070, pp. 259-284.##[24] Gabr MA, Valero SN. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste, Geotechnical Testing Journal, 1995, Vol. 18, pp. 241-254.##[25] ASTM. Annual Book of Standards, American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008.##[26] US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2010.##[27] Langer U. Shear and compression behaviour of undegraded municipal solid waste, Dissertation, Loughborough University, 2005.##[28] Machado SL, Carvalho FM. Vilar OM. Constitutive model for municipal solid waste, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 2002, No. 11, Vol. 128, pp.940-951.##[29] Zhan TLT, Chen YM, Ling WA. Shear strength characterization of municipal solid waste at the Suzhou landfill, China, Engineering Geology, 2008, Vol. 97, pp. 97-111.##[30] Landva AO, Clark JI. Geotechnical testing of wastefill, paper presented in Proceedings of the 39th Canadian Geotechnical Conference Ottawa, Ontario, 1986, pp. 371-385.##[31] Jessberger HL. Geotechnical aspects of landfill design and construction, Part 2: material parameters and test methods, Paper presented at Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering, 1994, Vol. 107, pp. 105-113.##[32] Landva AO, Clark JI. Geotechnics of Waste Fill. Geotechnics of Waste Fill - Theory and Practice, ASTMSTP 1070, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa, 1990, pp. 86-106.##[33] Coumoulos DG, Koryalos TP, Metaxas IL, Gioka DA. Geotechnical investigation at the main landfill of Athens, paper presented at the Proceedings Sardinia 95, Fifth International Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 1995, pp. 885-895.##[34] Gomes C, Lopes ML, Lopes MG. A study of MSW properties of a Portuguese landfill, Int. paper presented at the Workshop Hydro-Physico-Mechanics of Landfills, Grenoble 1 University, Grenoble, France, 2005.##[35] Gomes C, Ernesto A, Lopes ML, Moura C. Sanitary landfill of Santo Tirsomunicipal waste physical, chemical and mechanical properties, Paper presented at Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, 2002, Vol. 1, pp. 255-261.##[36] Kavazanjian E, Matasovic N, Bonaparate R, Schmertmann GR. Evaluation of MSW properties for seismic analysis, Paper presented at International Conference The Geoenvironment 2000, ASCE GSP, New York, 1995, No. 46.##[37] Fassett JB, Leonardo GA, Repetto PC. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste and their use in landfill design, paper presented at the Waste Tech’94, Landfill Technology Technical Proceedings, Charleston, SC (USA), January 13–14, 1994.##[38] Cowland JW, Tang KY, Gabay J. Density and strength properties of Hong Kong refuse, paper presented at the proceedings sardinia 93, Fourth International Landfill Symposium, pp. 1433-1446.##[39] Pereira AGH, Sopena L, Mateos TG. Compressibility of a municipal solid waste landfill, Paper presented at: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, 2002, pp. 201-206.##[40] Machado Santos S, Juca JFT, Aragao JMS. Geotechnical properties of a solid waste landfill: Muribeca\'s case, paper presented at Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Lisbon, Portugal, 1998, Vol. 1, pp.181-184.## ##