2014 12 4 51 520

Experimental and Numerical study on the Effect of Core Shape and Concrete Cover Length on the Behavior of BRBs 2 2 During the past years the use of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) have had a dramatic growth due to their better performance comparing to conventional braces. BRBs have more ductility and energy absorption capacity by excluding the overall brace buckling. However, even these kinds of braces have some problems restricting their use in some projects, i.e. high tolerance of applying unbonding material, concrete placing difficulties and their weight. Accordingly, many researchers have conducted experiments to find the possibility of shortening or even eliminating the infill material of the braces. The following study has addressed the effect of debonding material friction ratio, shortening the concrete fill, and finally eliminating it if possible, by reshaping the core element with constant section area. The operated analysis has been carried out both numerically and experimentally. ABAQUS finite element software was applied for numerical analysis and the results were verified by an experimental study in two groups of models each including four full-scale brace models. With a constant core section area, results revealed that without the risk of buckling, the concrete cover length could be reduced. With a special core profile, the infill may be fully omitted and the restrainer would be made up of only a steel tube, which may happen without any changes made to the cross sectional area of the core profile. 379 395 2013/04/8 1392/1/19 2013/11/12 1392/8/21 A. R. Rahai A. R. Rahai Amirkabir University of Technology Iran Rahai@aut.ac.ir M. Mortazavi M. Mortazavi Amirkabir University of Technology Iran mina_m@aut.ac.ir Finite element analysis Buckling Restrained Brace Restrainer cover Hysteretic response Optimum cover length Tube shaped profiles [1] Watanabe A, Hitomi Y, Yaeki E, Wada A, Fujimoto M. Properties of brace encased in buckling-restraining concrete and steel tube, Proceeding of 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, 1988, IV, pp. 719-724.##[2] Chou CH, Chen SH. Subassemblage tests and finite element analyses of sandwiched buckling restrained braces, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2010, No. 8, Vol. 32, pp. 2108-2121.##[3] Rahai A, Alinia M, Salehi S. Cyclic performance of buckling restrained composite braces composed of selected materials, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 7. pp. 1-8.##[4] Amadeo B. A brace-type seismic damper based on yielding the walls of hollow structural sections, Engineering Structures, 2010, No. 4, Vol. 32, pp. 1113-1122.##[5] Mirtaheri M, et al. Experimental optimization studies on steel core lengths in buckling restrained braces, Journal of constructional steel research, 2011, No. 8, Vol. 67, pp. 1244-1253.##[6] Hoveidae N, Rafezy B. Overall buckling behavior of all-steel buckling restrained braces, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2012, Vol. 79, pp. 151-158.##[7] Usami T, Wang C, Funayama J. Low-cycle fatigue tests of a type of buckling restrained Braces, Procedia Engineering, 2011, Vol. 14, pp. 956-964.##[8] Jun-Hei P, Jinkoo K. Cyclic test of buckling restrained braces made of steel rod and hollow steel tube, The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures, March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea.##[9] Takeuchi T, Hajjar JF, Matsui R, Nishimoto K, Aiken ID. Effect of local buckling core plate restraint in buckling restrained braces, Engineering Structures, 2012, Vol. 44, pp. 304-311.##[10] Miller DJ, Fahnestock LA, Eatherton MR. Development and experimental validation of a nickel–titanium shape memory alloy self-centering buckling-restrained brace, Engineering Structures, 2012, Vol. 40, pp. 288-298.##[11] Wang C, Usami T, Funayama J, Imase F. Low-cycle fatigue testing of extruded aluminium alloy buckling-restrained braces, Engineering Structures, 2013, Vol. 46, pp. 294-301.##[12] Uang CM, Nakashima M, Tsai KC. Research and application of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames, Steel Structures, 2004, Vol. 4, pp. 301-313.##[13] Xie Q. State of the art of buckling-restrained braces in Asia, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2005, Vol. 61, pp. 727-748.##[14] Takeuchi T, Hajjar JF, Matsui R, Nishimoto K, Aiken ID. Local buckling restraint condition for core plates in buckling restrained braces, Journal of constructional steel research, 2010, Vol. 66, pp. 139-149.##[15] Lopez-Almansa F, Castro-Medina JC, Oller S. A numerical model of the structural behavior of buckling-restrained braces, Engineering Structures, 2012, Vol. 41, pp. 108-117.##[16] Zona A, Dall\'Asta A. Elastoplastic model for steel buckling-restrained braces, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2012, Vol. 68, pp. 118-125.##[17] American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings including Supplement, 2005, No. 1, AISC-341.## ##

Risk Assessment of Construction Projects for Water Conveyance Tunnels Using Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis 2 2 In the water industry tunnels can be used to transfer water from a basin to other areas over varying distances. The construction of such tunnels is inherently risky and can result in unpredicted events and incidents. It is therefore necessary that thorough risk assessments are carried out as a priority of the owner, contractor and consultant organization. This is so that, through a systematic and logical plan, they can risk posed by these unforeseen events and incidents. In this paper, the risks and their main causes which are often encountered in such projects are identified and assessed. A fault tree method is applied in order to identify the main causes of events and incidents. By its nature a Risk assessment cannot be defined by absolute values and so fuzzy data must be used in order to calculate the probability of incidence and the severity of the risk. This is done on the four main criteria of time, cost, quality and safety. In order to estimate the significance of each criterion and to calculate the significance of the total influence of risk Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied. In this paper the case study of Dasht-e Zahab water conveyance tunnel has been selected for discussion as it was subjected to severe and multiple hazards. The results obtained using the method were validated by conducting different interviews with the field experts. It was concluded that by applying the proposed methodology on the case study the risks of the project can be evaluated in a more methodical and accurate way than could be done without using the method. This approach is therefore recommended for similar types of projects where there are complicated risks that must be thoroughly investigated and understood. 396 412 2013/04/82013/04/11 1392/1/22 2013/11/122014/05/14 1393/2/24 A. Ardeshir A. Ardeshir Amirkabir University of Technology Iran ardeshir@aut.ac.ir M. Amiri M. Amiri Amirkabir University of Technology Iran yahya_ghasemi@yahoo.com Y. Ghasemi Y. Ghasemi Amirkabir University of Technology Iran m-amiri@aut.ac.ir M. Errington M. Errington University of Exeter Uk M.Errington@exeter.ac.uk Risk Assessment Water Transfer Tunnels Fault Tree Fuzzy Logic Analytical Hierarchy Process [1] Boustani F. Sustainable water utilization in arid region of iran by qanats international, Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 2009, No. 7, Vol. 4, pp. 505-508.##[2] Shahriar K, Maarefvand P, Arabnejad H. Study of Geomechnical Parameters of Rock Mass in Long Tunnel of Safa-Bahramjerd by Consideration of Uncertainty, Mine International Congress, 2010.##[3] Ameri E, Shahriar K, Rahmannejad R, Torabi SR. Analysis of the stability of water conveyance tunnel of roozieh spring to semnan (Comparative Study), 1st National Congress of Civil Engineering, 2004.##[4] Zarei H, Orumiehei A, Khalesi Moghadam S. Geotechnical zoning of the path of water conveyance tunnel of sabzehkuh in order to study the squeezing potential, 3rd Iranian Conference on Rock Mechanics, 2007.##[5] Eskesen SD, Tengborg P, Kampmann J, Veicherts TH. Guidelines for tunneling risk management: international tunnelling association, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2004, No. 3, Vol. 19, pp. 217-237.##[6] Banaitiene N, Banaitis A, Norkus A. Risk management in projects: peculiarities of lithuanian construction companies, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 15, pp. 60-73.##[7] Misra KB, Weber GG. Use of fuzzy set theory for level-I studies in probabilistic risk assessment, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1990, No. 2, Vol. 37, pp. 139-160.##[8] Lee HM. Group decision making using fuzzy sets theory for evaluating the rate of aggregative risk in software development, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1996, No. 3, Vol. 80, pp. 261-271.##[9] Chen Sh.J, Chen Sh.M. Fuzzy risk analysis based on measures of similarity between interval-valued fuzzy numbers, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2008, No. 8, Vol. 55, pp. 1670-1685.##[10] Markowski AS, Mannan MS. Fuzzy risk matrix, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, No. 1, Vol. 159, pp. 152-157.##[11] Lee LW, Chen Sh.M. Fuzzy risk analysis based on fuzzy numbers with different shapes and different deviations, Expert Systems with Applications, 2008, No. 4, Vol. 34, pp. 2763-2771.##[12] Wei Sh.H, Chen Sh.M. A new approach for fuzzy risk analysis based on similarity measures of generalized fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 36, pp. 589-598.##[13] Wei Sh.H, Chen Sh.M. Fuzzy risk analysis based on interval-valued fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 2, Vol. 36, pp. 2285-2299.##[14] Chen Sh.M, Wang Ch.H. Fuzzy risk analysis based on ranking fuzzy numbers using a-cuts, belief features and signal/noise ratios, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 36, pp. 5576-5581.##[15] Markowski AS, Mannan MS. Fuzzy logic for piping risk assessment (PFLOPA), Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2009, No. 6, Vol. 22, pp. 921-927.##[16] Chen Sh.M, Chen J.H. Fuzzy risk analysis based on ranking generalized fuzzy numbers with different heights and different spreads, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 36, pp. 6833-6842.##[17] Chen Sh.M, Chen J.H. Fuzzy risk analysis based on similarity measures between interval-valued fuzzy numbers and interval-valued fuzzy number arithmetic operators, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 36, pp. 6309-6317.##[18] Feng LH, Luo GY. Analysis on fuzzy risk of landfall typhoonin zhejiang province of china, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 2009, No. 11, Vol. 79, pp. 3258-3266.##[19] Balmat JF, Lafont F, Maifret R, Pessel N. Maritime risk assessment (MARISA), a fuzzy approach to define an individual ship risk factor, Ocean Engineering, 2009, Nos. 15-16, Vol. 36, pp. 1278-1286.##[20] Elsayed T. Fuzzy inference system for the risk assessment of liquefied natural gas carriers during loading/offloading at terminals, Applied Ocean Research, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 31, pp. 179-185.##[21] Xu Zh, Shang Sh, Qian W, Shu W. A method for fuzzy risk analysis based on the new similarity of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2010, No. 3, Vol. 37, pp. 1920-1927.##[22] Nieto-Morote F. Ruz-Vila. A fuzzy approach to construction project risk assessment, International Journal of Project Management, 2011, No. 2, Vol. 29, pp. 220-231.##[23] Hejazi SR, Doostparast A, Hosseini SM. An improved fuzzy risk analysis based on a new similarity measures of generalized fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 8, Vol. 38, pp. 9179-9185.##[24] Chen Sh.M, Sanguansat K. Analyzing fuzzy risk based on similarity measures between interval-valued fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 7, Vol. 38, pp. 8612-8621.##[25] Chen Sh.M, Sanguansat K. Analyzing fuzzy risk based on a new fuzzy ranking method between generalized fuzzy numbers, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 3, Vol. 38, pp. 2163-2171.##[26] Idrus A, Nuruddin MF, Rohman MA. Development of project cost contingency estimation model using risk analysis and fuzzy expert system, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 3, Vol. 38, pp. 1501-1508.##[27] Kahraman C, Kaya I. Investment analyses using fuzzy probability concept, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 2010, No. 1, Vol. 16, pp. 43-57.##[28] Hui ECM, Lau OMF, Lo KK. A fuzzy decision making approach for portfolio management with direct real estate investment, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 2009, No. 2, Vol. 13, pp. 191-204.##[29] Lindhe A, Rosen L, Norberg T, Bergstedt O. Fault tree analysis for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis of drinking water systems, Water Research, 2009, No. 6, Vol. 43, pp. 1641-1653.##[30] Ferdous R, Khan F, Veitch B, Amyotte PR. Methodology for computer aided fuzzy fault tree analysis, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2009, No. 4, Vol. 87, pp. 217-226.##[31] Vaurio JK. Ideas and developments in importance measures and fault-tree techniques for reliability and risk analysis, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2010, No. 2, Vol. 95, pp. 99-107.##[32] Xiang Y, Liu C, Zhang K, Wu Q. Risk analysis and management of submerged floating tunnel and its application, Procedia Engineering, 2010, Vol. 4, pp. 107-116.##[33] Rodak C, Silliman S. Probabilistic risk analysis and fault trees: Initial discussion of application to identification of risk at a wellhead, Advances in Water Resources, 2011, Vol. 36, pp. 133-145.##[34] Farret R, Gombert P, Lahaie F, Cherkaoui A, Lafortune S, Roux P. Design of fault trees as a practical method for risk analysis of CCS: application to the different life stages of deep aquifer storage, combining long-term and short-term issues, Energy Procedia, 2011, Vol. 4, pp. 4193-4198.##[35] Mentes A, Helvacioglu IH. An application of fuzzy fault tree analysis for spread mooring systems, Ocean Engineering, 2011, Nos. 2-3, Vol. 38, pp. 285-294.##[36] Qu X, Yuanita QMV, Wong YH. Design and implementation of a quantitative risk assessment software tool for Singapore road tunnels, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, Vol. 38, pp. 13827-13834.##[37] Linder E, Patil GP, Vaughan DS. Application of event tree risk analysis to fisheries management, Ecological Modelling, 1987, Nos. 1-2, Vol. 36, pp. 15-28.##[38] Meloy AF. Arenal-type pyroclastic flows: a probabilistic event tree risk analysis, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2006, Nos. 1-3, Vol. 157, pp. 121-134.##[39] Neri A, Aspinall WP, Cioni R, Bertagnini A, Baxter PJ, Zuccaro G, Andronico D, Barsotti S, Cole PD, Esposti Ongaro T, Hincks TK, Macedonio G, Papale P, Rosi M, Santacroce R, Woo G. Developing an event tree for probabilistic hazard and risk assessment at Vesuvius, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2008, No. 3, Vol. 178, pp. 397-415.##[40] Hong ES, Lee IM, Shin HS, Nam SW, Kong JS. Quantitative risk evaluation based on event tree analysis technique: application to the design of shield TBM, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2009, No. 3, Vol. 24, pp. 269-277.##[41] Vilchez JA, Espejo V, Casal J. 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Risk analysis by FMEA as an element of analytical validation, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2009, No. 5, Vol. 50, pp. 1085-1087.##[46] Hu AH, Hsu CW, Kou TC, Wu WC. Risk evaluation of green components to hazardous substance using FMEA and FAHP, Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, Vol. 36, pp. 7142-7147.##[47] Xiao N, Huang HZ, Li Y, He L, Jin T. Multiple failure modes analysis and weighted risk priority number evaluation in FMEA, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2011, No. 4, Vol. 18, pp. 1162-1170.##[48] Zhang Z, Chu X. Risk prioritization in failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty, Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 38, pp. 206-214.##[49] Miao X, Yu B, Xi B, Tang YH. Modeling of bilevel games and incentives for sustainable critical infrastructure system, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 2010, No. 3, Vol. 16, pp. 365-379.##[50] Turskis Z, Zavadskas EK, Peldschus F. Multi-criteria optimization system for decision making in construction design and management, Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 2009, No. 61, Vol. 1, pp. 7-17.##[51] Schuhmacher M, Meneses M, Xifro A, Domingo JL. The use of Monte-Carlo simulation techniques for risk assessment: study of a municipal waste incinerator, Chemosphere, 2001, Nos. 4-7, Vol. 43, pp. 787-799.##[52] Rezaie K, Amalnik MS, Gereie A, Ostadi B, Shakhseniae M. Using extended Monte Carlo simulation method for the improvement of risk management: Consideration of relationships between uncertainties, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2007, No. 2, Vol. 190, pp. 1492-1501.##[53] Au SK, Wang ZH, Lo SM. Compartment fire risk analysis by advanced Monte Carlo simulation, Engineering Structures, 2007, No. 9, Vol. 29, pp. 2381-2390.##[54] Vaidogas ER, Sakenaite J. Protecting built property against fire disasters: multi attribute decision making with respect to fire risk, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 2010, No. 4, Vol. 14, pp. 391-407.##[55] Wu YF. Correlated sampling techniques used in Monte Carlo simulation for risk assessment, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2008, No. 9, Vol. 85, pp. 662-669.##[56] Carmel Y, Paz Sh, Jahashan F, Shoshan M. Assessing fire risk using Monte Carlo simulations of fire spread, Forest Ecology and Management, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 257, pp. 370-377.##[57] Stroeve SH, Blom HAP, Bakker GJ. Systemic accident risk assessment in air traffic by Monte Carlo simulation, Safety Science, 2009, No. 2, Vol. 47, pp. 238-249.##[58] Smid JH, Verloo D, Barker GC, Havelaar AH. 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Seismic protection of vulnerable equipment with semi-active control by employing robust and clipped-optimal algorithms 2 2 Critical non-structural equipments, including life-saving equipment in hospitals, circuit breakers, computers, high technology instrumentations, etc., are vulnerable to strong earthquakes, and the failure of these equipments may result in a heavy economic loss. To guarantee function of vulnerable equipment during earthquake peak acceleration and peak base displacement response of system should be limited to allowable levels. Traditional and passive control strategies cannot afford these contradictory targets in same time for broad range of ground motions. In recent years, semi-active control systems have been introduced as an adaptable and reliable alternative to control response under both limitations with low power supply. In this paper, efficacy of smart semi-active controlled floor isolation system which consists of a rolling pendulum system and a semi-active controlled magnetorheological (MR)-damper to control seismic response of equipment has been investigated by using clipped-H_2/LQG and clipped-H_∞ algorithms. The effectiveness of these algorithms was examined for equipment stand on raised floor due to floor motions in seven stories building. The results demonstrate semi-active control effectively decrease response acceleration and velocity of equipment in compare to passive strategy and hold its relative displacement to floor in least value. Furthermore it was shown semi-active control strategy with clipped-H_∞ algorithm in controlling seismic response of equipment compare to clipped-H_2/LQG algorithm and passive strategy (isolation system) have better performance in protecting equipment. 413 428 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/11 1392/1/22 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/24 1392/10/3 H. Salehi H. Salehi Amirkabir University of Technology Iran hadi.salehi.hs@gmail.com T. Taghikhany T. Taghikhany Amirkabir University of Technology Iran ttaghikhany@aut.ac.ir A. Yeganeh Fallah A. Yeganeh Fallah Amirkabir University of Technology Iran yeganeh_arash@aut.ac.ir Semi-active control MR-damper H_∞ algorithm H_2/LQG algorithm Equipment Almazan JL, De La Llera JC, Inaudi JA. Modeling aspect of structural isolated with the frictional pendulum system, Earthquake Engineering Structure, 1998, Vol. 27, pp. 845-867.##Christenson RE. Semi-Active Control of Civil Structures for Natural Hazard Mitigation: Analytical and Experimental Studies, M.Sc. thesis, University of Notre Dam Indiana, 2001.##Chen G, Chen C. Semi-active control of a 20-storey benchmark building with piezoelectric friction dampers, Journal of Engineering Mechanic, 2004, Vol. 130, pp. 393-400.##Lambrou V, Constantinou. MC. Study of seismic isolation systems for computer floors, Technical Report, NCEER-94-0020, 1994.##Yang JN, Agrawal AK. Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear building against near-fault earthquakes, Engineering Structure, 2002, Vol. 24, pp. 71-80.##Xu YL, Yang ZC, Chen J, Liu HJ, Chen J. Microvibration control platform for high technology facilities subject to traffic-induced ground motion, Engineering Structures, 2003, Vol. 25, pp. 1069-1082.##Xu YL, Li B. Hybrid platform for high-tech equipment protection against earthquake and microvibration, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2006, No. 8, Vol. 35, pp. 943-967.##Christenson RE, Spencer BF, Johnson EA, Seto K. Coupled building control using smart damping strategies, Proceeding of SPIE Smart Structures and NDE Symposia, 2000, 9 p.##Sahasrabudhe S, Nagarajaiah S. Semi-active control of sliding isolated bridges using MR dampers, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2005, Vol. 34, pp. 965-983.##Fransic BA. A Course in H_∞ Theory, Springer, Berlin, 1987.##Symans MD, Constantinou MC. Seismic testing of a building structure with a semi-active fluid damper control system, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1997, Vol. 26, pp. 759-770.##Dyke SJ. Acceleration Feedback Control Strategies for Active and Semi-Active Control Systems: Modeling, Algorithm Development, and Experimental Verification, P.H.D Dissertation, University of North Dame, Indiana, 1996.##Dyke SJ, Spencer BF, Sain MK, Carlson JD. An experimental study of MR dampers for seismic protection, Smart Materials and Structures, 1998, Vol. 7, pp. 693-703.##Dyke SJ, Spencer BF, Sain MK, Carlson JD, Modeling and control of magnetorheological dampers for seismic response reduction, Smart Materials and Structures, 1996, Vol. 5, pp. 565-575.##Shook D, Lin P, Lin T, Roschke PN. A comparative study in the semi-active control of isolated structures, Smart Materials and Structures, 2007, No. 4, Vol. 16, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/16/4/058.##Lin P, Loh C. Semi-Active Control of Floor Isolation System Using MR-Damper, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Proceedigns of SPIE 6932, 2008, Vol. 69320U.##Liu M. Robust H_∞ control for uncertain delayed nonlinear systems based on standard neural network models, Neurocomputing, 2008, Vol. 71, pp. 3469-3492.##Lin PY, Roschke PN, Loh CH. Hybrid base-isolation with magnetorheological dampers and fussy control, Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2007, Vol. 3, pp. 384-405.##Fan Y. Ch, Yang JN, Lin PY. Experimental performance evaluation of an equipment isolation using MR dampers. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2009, Vol. 38, pp. 285-305.##Lyan YL, Ging LL. Predictive control of smart isolation system for precision equipment subject to near-fault earthquakes, Journal of Engineering Structures, 2007, Vol. 43, pp. 1-20.##Ramallo JC, Johnson EA, Spencer BF Jr. Smart base isolation systems, 14th Analysis and Computational Specialty Conf. Proc, Structures Congress & Exposition, Philadelphia, 2000.##Hamidi M, El Naggar. On the performance of SCF in seismic isolation of the interior equipment of buildings, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2007, Vol. 36, pp. 1581-1604.##Okamoto S, Nakata S, Kitagawa Y, Yoshimura M. A progress report on the full-scale seismic experiment of a seven story reinforced concrete building – part of the US-Japan cooperative program, Research paper No 94, Building Research Institute, 1989.##Spencer BF Jr, Johnson EA, Ramallo JC. Smart isolation for seismic control, JSME International Journal Series C: Special Issue on Frontiers of Motion and Vibration Control, 2000, No. 3, Vol. 43, pp. 704-711.##Narasimhan S, Nagarajaiah S. Smart base isolated benchmark building part II: Phase I sample controllers for linear isolation system, Journal of Structural Control, 2002, Vol. 1, pp. 1-17.##Yang JN, Lin S, Jabbari F. H_2-based control for civil engineering structures, Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2003, Vol. 10, pp. 205-230.##Yang JN, Lin S, Jabbari F. H_∞-based control for civil engineering structures, Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2004, Vol. 11, pp. 223-237.##Narasimhan S, Nagarajaiah S. Smart base isolated buildings with variable friction systems: H_∞ controller and SAIVF device, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2006, Vol. 35, pp. 921-942.##Nagarajaiah S, Narasimhan S. Seismic control of smart base isolated buildings with new semi-active variable damper, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2007, Vol. 36, pp. 729-749.## MATLAB, The Math Works, Inc, Natick, MA, 2000.## Ramallo JC, Johnson EA, Spencer BF Jr, Sain MK. Smart base isolation systems, Proceedings of the Advanced Technologyin Structural Engineering, Structures Congress, Philadelphia, 2000a.## Kulkarni JA, Jangid RS. Rigid body response of base-isolated structures, Journal of Structural Control, 2001, Vol. 9, pp. 171-188.##Yoshioka H, Ramallo JC, Spencer BF, Smart base isolated strategies employing magnetorheological dampers, Engineering Mechanics, 2002, Vol. 128, pp. 540-551.## ##

Game Analysis on Moral Hazard of Construction Project Managers in China 2 2 This paper aims to develop a quantitative game model for preventing construction project managers from moral hazard problem from the standpoint of construction enterprises in China. The authors analyze the sources of construction managers’ moral hazard behaviors under China’s specific situation on the basis of the principal-agent theory, establish a game theoretic model to analyze the moral hazard problem between construction enterprises and construction project managers, and calculate the equilibrium solution through building up the payoff matrix. Our crucial contribution is a quantitative characterization of risk deposit system and performance appraisal system which help to resolve the moral hazard problem of construction project managers. The solution results show that the probability of moral hazard problem of construction project managers can be reduced after implementing risk deposit system and performance appraisal system. Thus the two systems we proposed can be taken by China’s construction enterprises as the effective measures to resolve moral hazard problem of construction project managers. 429 438 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/20 1392/1/31 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/2 1392/7/10 L. Ma L. Ma Dalian University of Technology China lima788@hotmail.com P. Zhang P. Zhang Department of Construction Management, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology China zhangping084911@163.com Building operations Construction project manager Moral hazard Game model [1] Schwalbe K. Managing Information Technology Projects Sixth ed., Course Technology, Boston, 2010.##[2] Mohammad RNT, Ebrahim M, Dhaifallah OA. Project managers’ ethical behaviors within modern organizations, African Journal of Business Management, 2011, No. 29, Vol. 5, pp. 11652-11655.##[3] Ahmed AM, Salas O. Trust in India and Sweden, Cross-Cultural Research, 2008, No. 4, Vol. 42, pp. 420-429.##[4] Subhasish D, Quazi S. Group identity and the moral hazard problem: experimental evidence, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2012, No. 4, Vol. 21, pp. 1061-1081.##[5] David R, Luke BC. A History of the Term “Moral Hazard”, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2012, No. 4, Vol. 79, pp. 1051-1075.##[6] Joaquin P, Daniel S. The form of incentive contracts: agency with moral hazard, risk neutrality, and limited liability, The RAND Journal of Economics, 2012, No. 2, Vol. 43, pp. 215-23.##[7] Zhu Q. Reflections on preventing construction project manager from agency risk, Construction Economy, 2003, Vol. 4, pp. 26-28.##[8] Li BJ, Jia H. Analysis on construction agent’s moral hazard in principal-agent relationship, Construction Economy, 2008, Vol. 6, pp. 35-38.##[9] Yan W. Determinants of the extent of moral hazard of managers in state-owned enterprises, Economic Research Journal, 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 3-12.##[10] Gao Y, Wang Z. Research on moral hazard of managers in state-owned enterprises, Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2001, Vol. 7, pp. 160-162.##[11] Chen T, Zhang GX, Xie GH. Critical behaviors of moral risk in principal-agent system, Journal of Tianjin University, 2002, No. 2, Vol. 35, pp. 203-206.##[12] Zhu B, Li QM. Analysis of the moral risk model during construction process under asymmetric information, Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University, 2005, No. 4, Vol. 27, pp. 102-105.##[13] Liu ZW, Zhu XY. The study of moral risk in construction project, Construction & Design for Project, 2007, Vol. 3, pp. 80-84.##[14] Qian LQ. Generation and restraint mechanisms of moral hazard of professional managers, Journal of Chongqing Normal University Edition of Social Sciences, 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 113-117.##[15] Zhang DH. Analysis on moral hazard in the reform of state-owned enterprises, Seeker, 2003, Vol. 3, pp. 124-126.##[16] Tang HP. The Control of Professional Managers’ Moral Hazard – Research on Performance Evaluation and Compensation. M.A, Jinan University, 2000.##[17] Sunil D. Capital budgeting and managerial compensation: incentive and retention effects, The Accounting Review, 2003, No. 1, Vol. 78, pp. 71-93.##[18] E. Bernardo An, Hongbin C, Luo J. Capital budgeting in multidivision firms: information, agency, and incentives, The Review of Financial Studies, 2004, No. 3, Vol. 17, pp. 739-767.##[19] Zheng GH. Analysis on moral hazard of executive stock option, Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2002, Vol. 12, pp. 174-176.##[20] Zhang XF, Liu JJ. Analysis on the dissimilation of incentive system of executive stock option, Journal of Hunan University (Social Sciences), 2004, No. 4, Vol. 18, pp. 76-81.##[21] BM Dong, GX Guo, FY Wang. Dynamic moral hazard and executive stock options, Pacific Economic Review, 2013, No. 2, Vol. 18, pp. 259-279.##[22] Hu LJ, Gao JJ, Pan DH. The optimal compensation decisions of managers, Statistics and Decision, 2009, Vol. 24, pp. 176-178.##[23] Timothy MR, Karen M. Financial incentives and advanced construction procurement systems, Project Management Journal, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 41, pp. 40-50.##[24] Zhang QH, He QX, Wei CX, Wang Y. The development of project management from the point of project governance, Project Management Technology, 2009, No. 11, Vol. 7, pp. 72-76.##[25] Xu C. Incentive Mechanism for Project Managers in Construction Enterprises: a Project Governance Perspective. MA, Shandong Jianzhu University, 2012.##[26] Dominique D, Carsten H. Job matching when employment contracts suffer from moral hazard, European Economic Review, 2011, No. 7, Vol. 55, pp. 964-979.##[27] Cheng H, Chen Q. Engineering Project Management. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, 2009.##[28] Saram DDD, Ahmed SM. Construction coordination activities: what is important and what consumes time, Journal of Management in Engineering, 2001, No. 4, Vol. 17, pp. 202-213.##[29] Arditi D, Ongkasuwan D. Duties and responsibilities of construction managers: perceptions of parties involved in construction, Journal Construction Engineering and Management, 2009, No. 12, Vol. 135, pp. 1370-1374.##[30] Jenson M, Meckling M. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics, 1976, Vol. 3, pp. 305-360.##[31] Her YW. The Impact of Moral Hazard and Accountability on Managers’ Project Implementation Decisions. Ph.D, University of South Carolina, 2005.##[32] Eisenhardt KM. 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RETRACTED ARTICLE: APPLICATION OF SMALL-SCALE EXPERIMENTAL MODELS FOR THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS 2 2 It has been brought to our attention that the article [1], published in International Journal of Civil Engineering, is a republishing material from a previous publication published in Journal of Energy Engineering[2]. The editorial board of IJCE consider this action as an infringement of professional ethics and therefore the decision has been made to retract of the article.   The authors’ response provided by Journal of Energy Engineering to us, was not satisfactory from this journal's point of view for this unfortunate situation (the documents are kept in the journal’s offices). Any inconvenience this may have caused by authors to the Readers due to improper action of the authors should be apologized by them.   [1] “Application of Small-Scale Experimental Models for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Sustainable Building Materials” by S. P. Raut, S. A. Mandavgane, and R. V. Ralegaonkar. International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 4, Transaction A: Civil Engineering, December 2014 Received: May 2013, Revised: December 2013, Accepted: January 2014.  This article should be considered as retracted.   [2] Thermal Performance Assessment of Recycled Paper Mill Waste–Cement Bricks Using the Small-Scale Model Technique” by Sanjay Raut, Sachin Mandavgane, and Rahul Ralegaonkar. J. Energy Eng., 2014, 140(4): 04014001.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000171 Submitted on April 9, 2013; approved on October 25, 2013; published online on October 29, 2013.   439 446 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/24 1392/2/4 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/27 1392/11/7 S. Raut S. Raut Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology INDIA sprce@rediffmail.com R. Ralegaonkar R. Ralegaonkar Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology INDIA sanvan28@yahoo.com S. Mandavgane S. Mandavgane Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology INDIA mandavgane@gmail.com Waste-create brick Small-scale model house Thermal comfort. [1] Raut SP, Ralegaonkar RV, Mandavgane SA. Development of sustainable construction material using industrial and agricultural solid waste: a review of wastecreate bricks, Construction and Building Materials, 2011, Vol. 25, pp. 4037-4042.##[2] Milani AP, Labaki LC. Physical, mechanical and thermal performance of cement stabilized rammed earth-rice husk ash walls, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2012, Vol. 24, pp. 775-782.##[3] Dondi M, Mazzanti F, Principi P, Raimondo M, Zanarini G. Thermal conductivity of clay bricks, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2004, Vol. 16, pp. 8-14.##[4] Al-Jabri KS, Hago AW, Taha R, Alnuaimi AS, Al-Saidy AH. Strength and insulating properties of building blocks made from waste materials, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2009, Vol. 21, pp. 191-197.##[5] Bhattacharjee B, Krishnamoorthy S. Permeable porosity and thermal conductivity of construction materials, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2004, Vol. 16, pp. 322-330.##[6] Bouchair A. Steady state theoretical model of fired clay hollow bricks for enhanced external wall thermal##insulation, Building and Environment, 2008, Vol. 43, pp. 1603-1618.##[7] Custodio-Garcı´a E, Sebastian PJ, Campos-Alvarez J. Solar conduction heat transfer in fired clay bricks, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2005, Vol. 88, pp. 169-178.##[8] Ozel M. Thermal performance and optimum insulation thickness of building walls with different structure materials, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, Vol. 31, pp. 3854-3863.##[9] Chel A, Tiwari GN. Thermal performance and embodied energy analysis of a passive house – case study of vault roof mud-house in India, Applied Energy, 2009, Vol. 86, pp. 1956-1969.##[10] Ralegaonkar R, Gupta R. Design development of a static sunshade using small scale modeling technique, Renewable Energy, 2005, Vol. 30, pp. 867-880.##[11] Lertsatitthanakorn C, Atthajariyakul S, Soponronnarit S. Techno-economical evaluation of a rice husk ash (RHA) based sand–cement block for reducing solar conduction heat gain to a building, Construction and Building Materials, 2009, Vol. 23, pp. 364-369.##[12] Khorami M, Sobhani J. An experimental study on the flexural performance of agro-waste cement composite boards, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013, Vol. 11, pp. 207-216.##[13] Allahverdi A, Najafi Kani E. Construction wastes as raw materials for geopolymer binders, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2009, Vol. 7, pp. 154-160.##[14] Raut SP, Sedmake R, Dhunde S, Ralegaonkar RV, Mandavgane SA. Reuse of recycle paper mill waste in energy absorbing light weight bricks, Construction and Building Materials, 2012, Vol. 27, pp. 247-251.##[15] SP 7, National building code of India, Bureau of Indian Standard, 2005.##[16] Reinhold VN. Handbook on Concrete Engineering, New York, Mark Fintel Company, 1974.##[17] http://www.ppiindia.net/sx.asp.##[18] Columbia University, Indoor space temperature guidelines, 2006. http://policylibrary.columbia.edu/indoor-space-temperatureguidelines##[19] Weather at a glance, http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/42866.html##[20] www.mnre.gov.in/solar-energy##[21] SP 41, Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings (other than industrial buildings) (parts 1-4), Bureau of Indian Standard, 1987.##[22] Cengel YA. Heat Transfer: a Practical Approach, 2nd edition, Singapore, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2003, pp. 64-65.## ##

Shape-size optimization of single-layer barrel vaults using improved magnetic charged system search 2 2 In this paper, the problem of simultaneous shape and size optimization of single-layer barrel vault frames which contains both of discrete and continuous variables is addressed. In this method, the improved magnetic charged system search (IMCSS) is utilized as the optimization algorithm and the open application programming interface (OAPI) plays the role of interfacing analysis software with the programming language. A comparison between the results of the present method and some existing algorithms confirms the high ability of this approach in simultaneous shape and size optimization of the practical and large-scale spatial structures. 447 465 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/29 1392/11/9 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/12 1393/8/21 A. Kaveh A. Kaveh IUST Iran alikaveh@iust.ac.ir B. Mirzaei B. Mirzaei IUST Iran bahador.mirzaie@znu.ac.ir A. Jafarvand A. Jafarvand IUST Iran ali_jafarvand@yahoo.com Shape-size optimization Barrel vaults Improved magnetic Charged system search Open application programming interface. [1] Holland JH. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.##[2] Goldberg DE. Genetic algorithms in search optimization and machine learning, Addison-Wesley, Boston, USA, 1989.##[3] Eberhart RC, Kennedy J. A new optimizer using particle swarm theory, In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, 1995.##[4] Gomes HM. Truss optimization with dynamic constraints using a particle swarm algorithm, Expert Systems and Applications, 2011, Vol. 38, pp. 957-968.##[5] Dorigo M, Maniezzo V, Colorni A. The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents, IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernatics, 1996, Vol. 26, pp. 29-41.##[6] Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt C, VecchiM. Optimization by simulated annealing, Science, 1983, Vol. 220, pp. 671-680.##[7] Geem ZW, Kim JH, Loganathan GV. A new heuristic optimization algorithm; harmony search, Simulation, 20001, Vol. 8, pp. 60-76.##[8] Erol OK, Eksin I. New optimization method: Big Bang-Big Crunch, Advances in Engineering Software, 2006, Vol. 37, pp. 106-111.##[9] Kaveh A, Talatahari S. A discrete big bang–big crunch algorithm for optimal design of skeletal structures, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2010, No 1, Vol. 11, pp. 103-123.##[10] Kaveh A, Talatahari S. A novel heuristic optimization method: charged system search, Acta Mechanics, 2010, Vol. 213, pp. 267-86.##[11] Kaveh A, Mahdavi VR. Colliding bodies optimization: A novel meta-heuristic method, Computers and Structures, 2014, Vol. 139, pp. 18-27.##[12] Kaveh A, Farahani M, Shojaei N. Optimal design of barrel vaults using charged search system, International Journal of Civil Engineering, IUST, 2012, No. 4, Vol. 10, pp. 301-308.##[13] Kaveh A, Nikaeen M., Optimum design of irregular grillage systems using CSS and ECSS algorithms with different boundary conditions, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Transaction A: Civil Engineering, IUST, 2013, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 143-153.##[14] Kaveh A, Nasrollahi A. A new probabilistic particle swarm optimization algorithm for size optimization of spatial truss structures, International Journal of Civil Engineering, IUST, 2014, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-13.##[15] Kaveh A, Eftekhar B. Improved big bang big crunch to optimize barrel vault frames, Proceeding of the 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran, 2012.##[16] Kaveh A, Mirzaei B, Jafarvand A. Optimal design of single-layer barrel vault frames using improved magnetic charged system search, International Journal of Optimization in Civil Engineering, 2013, No. 4, Vol. 3, pp. 575-600.##[17] Parke GAR. Comparison of the structural behaviour of various types of braced barrel vaults. In: Makowski ZS (ed.), Analysis, Design and Construction of Braced Barrel Vaults, Taylor & Francis e- Library, 2006, pp. 113-144.##[18] Kaveh A, Talatahari S. Optimal design of truss structures via the charged system search algorithm, Structural Multidisplinary Optimization, 2010, No. 6, Vol. 37, pp. 893-911.##[19] Kaveh A, Motie Share MA, Moslehi M. Magnetic charged system search: a new meta-heuristic algorithm for optimization, Acta Mechanica, 2013, No. 1, Vol. 224, pp. 85-107.##[20] American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Steel Construction Manual, 13th edition, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2005.##[21] British Standards Institution (BSI). 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A dynamic model for adjusting contemporary construction projects behaviors in today changeable environments 2 2 Project Management knowledge has been used in many project oriented organizations in last two decades across the world. Despite, rate of project success did not change during these years. We believe there is a basic challenge in projects environment for managing them based on its inherent characteristics. In fact, project management knowledge use theories and concepts that are belong to process management world, as a different world. There is no enough attention to project characteristics as a fundamental differentiation for coping projects. Identification of construction projects nature in order to discern variables that create the project behaviors is main concern of the paper.Considering project characteristics in this research revealed construction project nature creates from combination two aspects. First, detecting environmental changes to develop a need and second prepare resources structure to respond the need. Important management challenge in this model is environmental continuous changes that alter the need and exchange resources structure. So, the paper considers how these aspects can be operationalized for developing a dynamic project management model. It gives some ideas about why project complexity might be considered to be increasing, and how construction projects move towards shorter timescales. The effectiveness of the model is verified by applying it for predicting some construction projects behavior. The results of the paper may capable future project managers to test any decision before its applying and lead to a new project management tool for construction projects management. 466 480 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/292013/04/30 1392/2/10 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/122013/12/16 1392/9/25 H. Naghash Toosi H. Naghash Toosi Amirkabir University of Technology Iran toosi@aut.ac.ir M. H. Sebt M. H. Sebt Amirkabir University of Technology Iran sebt@aut.ac.ir R. Maknoon R. Maknoon Amirkabir University of Technology Iran maknoon@aut.ac.ir Environmental changes Dynamic project management model Project nature Project theory Construction projects performance [1] The Chaos, Tech. Report, Standish Group International, Boston, 1994.##[2] Eveleens L, Verhoef C. The rise and fall of the chaos report figures, IEEE Software, 2010, pp. 30-36.##[3] Taylor TRB, Ford DN. Managing tipping point dynamics in complex construction projects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2008, No. 6, Vol. 134, pp. 421-431.##[4] Budget Control Office, Annual Control Report of National Construction Projects: 1382 till 1388, President Deputy Strategic Planning and Control, Tehran, Iran, 1389, [In Persian].##[5] Williams T.M. The need for new paradigms for complex projects, International Journal of Project Management, 1999, No. 5, Vol. 17, pp. 269-273.##[6] Cicmil S, Williams T, Thomas J, Hodgson D. Rethinking project management: researching the actuality of projects, International Journal of Project Management, 2006, Vol. 24, pp. 675-686.##[7] Shenhar AJ, Dvir D. Toward a typological theory of project management, Research policy, 1996, Vol. 25, pp. 607-623.##[8] Shenhar AJ. One size does not fit all projects: exploring classical contingency domains, Management Science, 2001, No. 3, Vol. 47, pp. 394-414.##[9] Andersen ES. Toward a project management theory of renewal projects, Project Management Journal, 2006, No. 4, Vol. 37, pp. 15-30.##[10] Koskela L, Howell G. The underlying theory of project management is obsolote, Proceedings of the PMI Research Conference, 2002, pp. 293-302.##[11] Kharbanda OP, Pinto Jeffrey K. What Made Gertie Gallop: Learning from Project Failures?, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1996.##[12] Forsberg K, Mooz H, Cotterman H. Visualizing Project Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.##[13] Morris PWG. The Management of Projects, Thomas Telford, London, 1994.##[14] Kujala J, Artto K, Parhankangas A. Towards theory of project business, Proceedings of 19th Nordic Academy of Management Conference, August 9-11, Bergen, Norway, 2007.##[15] Turner JR, Cochrane RA. Goals and methods matrix: Coping with projects with ill defined goals and/or methods of achieving them, International Journal of Project Management, 1993, No. 2, Vol. 11, pp. 93-102.##[16] Koskela L, Howell G. The theory of project management: explanation to novel methods, Proceedings IGLC-10, Gramado, Brazil, 2002.##[17] Fox P, Skitmore MR. Key factors in the future development of the construction industry, 1st International Conference of The Creating a sustainable construction industry in developing countries, International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2002, pp. 543-554.##[18] Soderlund J. On the development of project management research: schools of thought and critique, International Project Management Journal, 2002, No. 1, Vol. 8, pp. 20-31.##[19] Andersen ES. Toward a project management theory of renewal projects, Project Management Journal, 2006, No. 4, Vol. 37, pp. 15-30.##[20] Sauer C, Reich BH. What do we want from a theory of project management? A response to Rodney Turner, International Journal of Project Management, 2007, No. 1, Vol. 25, pp. 1-2.##[21] Sauser Brian J, Reilly Richard R, Shenhar Aaron J. Why projects fail? How contingency theory can provide new insights-A comparative analysis of NASA’s mars climate orbiter loss, International Journal of Project Management, 2009, Vol. 27, pp. 665-679.##[22] Geraldi JG, Lee-Kelley L, Kutsch E. The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events, International Journal of Project Management, 2010, No. 6, Vol. 28, pp. 547-558.##[23] Kapsali M. Systems thinking in innovation project management: A match that works, International Journal of Project Management, 2011, No. 4, Vol. 29, pp. 396-407.##[24] Killen CP, Jugdev K, Drouin N, Petit Y. Advancing project and portfolio management research: Applying strategic management theories, International Journal of Project Management, 2012, No. 5, Vol. 30, pp. 525-538.##[25] Calori R. Essai: real-time/real-space research: connecting action and reflection in organization studies, Organization Studies, 2002, No. 6, Vol. 23, pp. 877-83.##[26] Walker DHT, Cicmil S, Thomas J, Anbari FT, Bredillet C. Collaborative academic/practitioner research in project management: theory and models, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2008, No. 1, Vol. 1, pp. 17-32.##[27] Whittaker J. Reflections on the Changing Nature of Projects, Chapter 10 of Projects as Business Constituents and Guiding Motives, Ed’s. Lundin RA, Hartman F, Navarre Ch, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2000.##[28] Dinsmore PC, Cooke-Davies TJ. The Right Projects Done Right: From Business Strategy to Successful Project Implementation, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2005.##[29] Turner JR. The handbook of project-based management, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, London, 2009.##[30] Williams TM. The need for new paradigms for complex projects, International Journal of Project Management, 1999, No. 5, Vol. 17, pp. 269-273.##[31] Baccarini D. The concept of project complexity- a review, International Journal of Project Management, 1996, No. 4, Vol. 14, pp. 201-204.##[32] Turner JR, Cochrane RA. Goals and methods matrix: coping with projects with ill defined goals and/or methods of achieving them, International Journal of Project Management, 1993, No. 2, Vol. 11, pp. 93-102.##[33] Anderson DK, Merna T. Project management strategy- Project management represented as a process based set of management domains and the consequences for project management strategy, International Journal of Project Management, 2003, No. 6, Vol. 21, pp. 387-93. ##[34] Divakar K, Subramanian K. Critical success factors in the real-time monitoring of construction projects, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2009, No. 2, Vol. 1, pp. 35-39.##[35] Sterman J. Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world, Irwin McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.##[36] Cooper K. The rework cycle: why projects are mismanaged, PM Network, 1993, No. 2, Vol. 7, pp. 5-7.##[37] Ford D. The dynamics of project management: An investigation of the impacts of project process and coordination on performance, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, 1995.##[38] Love P, Mandal P, Li H. Determining the causal structure of rework influences in construction, Construction Management & Economics Journal, 1999, No. 4, Vol. 17, pp. 505-517.##[39] Love P, Li H, Irani Z, Faniran O. Total quality management and the learning organization: A dialogue for change in construction, Construction Management & Economics Journal, 2000a, No. 3, Vol. 18, pp. 321-331.##[40] Love P, Holt G, Shen L, Li H, Irani Z. Using system dynamics to better understand change and rework in construction project management systems, International Journal of Project Management, 2002, No. 5, Vol. 20, pp. 425-436.##[41] Lee S, Pena-Mora F, Park M. Reliability and stability buffering approach: Focusing on the issues of errors and changes in concurrent design and construction projects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 2006, No. 5, Vol. 131, pp. 452-464.##[42] Tang Y, Ogunlana S. Modeling the dynamic performance of a construction organization, Construction Management & Economics Journal, 2003, No. 2, Vol. 21, pp. 127-136.##[43] Ogunlana S, Li H, Sukhera F. System dynamics approach to exploring performance enhancement in a construction organization, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 2003, No. 5, Vol. 129, pp. 528-536.##[44] Park M, Pena-Mora F. Dynamic change management for construction: Introducing the change cycle into model-based project management, System Dynamics Review, 2003, No. 3, Vol. 19, pp. 213-242.##[45] Bosch-Rekveldt M, Mooia H, Verbraecka A, Bakkerb H. Evaluating a complexity network- a practitioners view on project complexity, Project Perspectives: The annual publication of International Project Management Association, Ed’s. Kähkönen K, Latvanne A, 2012, pp. 46-51.##[46] Motawa IA, Anumba CJ, Lee S, Pena-Mora F. An integrated system for change management in construction, Automation in Construction, 2007, No. 3, Vol. 16, pp. 368-377.##[47] Ford D, Sterman J. Modeling dynamic development processes, System Dynamics Review, 1998, No. 1, Vol. 14, pp. 31-68.##[48] Ford D, Sterman J. Overcoming the 90% syndrome: Iteration management in concurrent development projects, Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 2003b, No. 3, Vol. 111, pp. 177-186.## ##

A model for prediction of compressive strength of chemically activated high phosphorous slag content cement 2 2 It was found out that the logarithmic models fit the cement–slag blend systems well. In the present study, based on the experimental results, a logarithmic model has been developed to predict the compressive strength of chemically activated high phosphorous slag content cement. Mixes of phosphorous slag (80 wt.%), Portland cement (14 wt.%) and compound chemical activator (6 wt.%) were prepared at different Blaine finenesses using a laboratory ball mill. Compressive strengths of mortar specimens cured in lime-saturated water were measured at different curing times. Mathematical model was prepared in terms of curing time and water-to-cement ratio as independent variables and compressive strength as dependent variable. The comparisons between the model reproductions and the experimentally obtained results confirm the applicability of the presented model. 481 487 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/292013/04/302013/05/7 1392/2/17 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/122013/12/162014/01/4 1392/10/14 A. Allahverdi A. Allahverdi Iran University of Science and Technology Iran ali.allahverdi@iust.ac.ir M. Mahinroosta M. Mahinroosta Iran University of Science and Technology Iran Mahinroosta2010@gmail.com Phosphorous slag Compressive strength Water-to-cement ratio Modeling [1] Xia C, Li Z, Kunhe F. Anti-crack performance of phosphorous slag concrete, Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2009, No. 1, Vol. 14, pp. 080-086.##[2] Xia C, Kunhe F, Huaquan Y, Hua P. Hydration kinetics of phosphorous slag-cement paste, Wuhan University Journal of Technology-Mater, 2011, No. 1, Vol. 26, pp. 142-146.##[3] Kumar S, Kumar R, Bandopadhyay A, Alex TC, Kumar BR, Das SK, Mehrotra SP. Mechanical activation of granulated blast furnace slag and its effect on the properties and structure of Portland slag cement, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2008, Vol. 30, pp. 679-685.##[4] Dong XL, Lin C, Zhong ZX, Zhi ML. A blended cement containing blast furnace slag and phosphorous slag, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2002, No. 2, Vol. 17, pp. 62-65.##[5] Sajedi F, Razak HA. Comparison of different methods for activation of ordinary Portland cement-slag mortars, Construction and Building Materials, 2011, Vol. 25, pp. 30-38.##[6] Sajedi F, Razak HA. Effects of thermal and mechanical activation methods on compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement-salg mortar, Materials and Design, 2011, Vol. 32, pp. 984-995.##[7] Allahverdi A, Saffari M. Chemical activation of phosphorous slag with a solid compound activator, In: Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Non-Traditional Cements And Concretes 27-30 June, Brno, Czech Republic, 2011, pp. 573-580.##[8] Allahverdi A, Rahmani A. Chemical activation of natural pozzolan with a solid compound activator, Cement Wapno Beton, 2009, Vol. 4, pp. 205-213.##[9] Allahverdi A, Ghorbani J. Chemical activation and set acceleration of lime-natural pozzolan cement, Ceramic-Silikaty, 2006, Vol. 50, pp. 193-199.##[10] Dongxu L, Xuenquan W, Jinlin S, Yujiang W. The influence of compound admixtures on the properties of high-content slag cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, Vol. 30, pp. 45-50. ##[11] Tsivilis S, Parissakis G. A mathematical-model for the prediction of cement strength, Cement and Concrete Research, 1995, Vol. 25, pp. 9-14.##[12] De Siquera Tango CE. An extrapolation method for compressive strength prediction of hydraulic cement products, Cement and Concrete Research, 1998, Vol. 28, pp. 969-983.##[13] Saridemir M. Prediction of compressive strength of concrete containing metakaolin and silica fume by artificial neural networks, Advances in Engineering Software, 2009, Vol. 40, pp. 350-355.##[14] Öztas A, Pala M, Özbay E, Kanca E, Caglar N, Bhatti MA. Prediction the compressive strength and slump of high strength concrete using neural network, Construction and Building Materials, 2006, Vol. 20, pp. 769-775.##[15] Bilim C, Atis CD, Tanyildizi H, Karahan O. Predicting the compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag, Advances in Engineering Software, 2009, Vol. 40, pp. 334-340.##[16] Chen L. Grey and neural network prediction of concrete compressive strength using physical properties of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag, Journal of Environmental Engineering & Management, 2010, Vol. 20, pp. 189-194. ##[17] Baykasoglu A, Dereli T, Tanis S. Prediction of cement strength using soft computing techniques, Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, Vol. 34, pp. 2083-2090.##[18] Iqbal khan M. Analytical model for the strength prediction of HPC consisting of cementitious composites, Architecture Civi Engineering Environment, 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 89-96. ##[19] Chen L. A multiple linear regression prediction of concrete compressive strength based on physical properties of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag, International Joutnal of Applied Science and Engineering, 2010, Vol. 7, pp. 153-158.##[20] Eswari S, Raghunath PN, Kothandaraman S. Regression modeling for strength and toughness evaluation of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2011, Vol. 6, pp. 1819-6608.##[21] Deepa C, Sathiyakumari K, Sudha VP. Prediction of the compressive strength of high performance concrete mix using tree based modeling, International Journal of Computer Applications, 2010, Vol. 6, pp. 18-24.##[22] Dabic P, Krstulovic R, Rusic D. A new approach in mathematical modelling of cement hydration development, Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, Vol. 30, pp. 1017-1021.##[23] Lin F, Meyer C. Hydration kinetics modeling of Portland cement considering the effects of curing temperature and applied pressure, Cement and Concrete Research, 2009, Vol. 39, pp. 255-265.##[24] Zelic J, Rusic D, Krstulovic R. A mathematical model for prediction of compressive strength in cement-silica fume blends, Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, Vol. 34, pp. 2319-2328.##[25] Wong HS, Buenfeld NR. Determining the water-cement ratio, cement content, water content and degree of hydration of hardened cement paste: Method development and validation on paste samples, Cement and Concrete Research, 2009, Vol. 39, pp. 957-965.## ##

Load displacement behavior of concrete beam under monotonic static and low velocity impact load 2 2 Experiments were carried out to observe the influence of loading type on concrete beam specimens. Beam specimens made of similar concrete mixture with the same geometry were tested under three point static loading and low velocity drop weight impact loading. Load – displacement behavior, absorbed energy dissipation capacity, stiffnesses, failure modes of beam specimens were obtained and discussed. A finite element (FE) model was prepared in ANSYS Explicit STR software and the results of FE analysis were compared with experimental results. The loading type and loading rate have significant influence on the maximum load, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity. Numerical results obtained from ANSYS Explicit STR FE models are consistent with the experimental results. 488 503 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/292013/04/302013/05/72013/05/23 1392/3/2 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/122013/12/162014/01/42014/01/21 1392/11/1 M. C. Yılmaz M. C. Yılmaz Gazi University Turkey mcyilmaz@gazi.edu.tr Ö. Anıl Ö. Anıl Gazi University Turkey oanil@gazi.edu.tr B. Alyavuz B. Alyavuz Gazi University Turkey balyavuz@gazi.edu.tr E. Kantar E. Kantar Celal Bayar University Turkey erkan.kantar@cbu.edu.tr Load- displacement behavior Concrete beam Low velocity impact behavior Drop weight ANSYS [1] Goldsmith W. Impact: The Theory and Physical Behavior of Colliding Solids, London Edward Arnold Limited, 1960, pp. 145-240.##[2] Murtiadi S. Behavior of high-strength concrete plates under impact loading, Master Thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Mernorial University of Newfoundland, 1999.##[3] Kishi N, Mikami H, Matsuoka KG, Ando T. Impact behavior of shear-Failure-type RC beams without shear rebar, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2002, Vol. 27, pp. 955-968.##[4] Bhatti AQ, Kishi N, Mikami H, Ando T. Elasto-plastic impact response analysis of shear-failure-type RC beams with shear rebars, Materials and Design, 2009, Vol. 30, pp. 502-510.##[5] Cotsovos DM, Stathopoulos N, Zeris C. Behavior of RC beams subjected to high rates of concentrated loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2008, Vol. 134, pp. 1839-1851.##[6] Cotsovos DM. A simplified approach for assessing the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams under concentrated load applied at high rates, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, Vol. 37, pp. 907-917.##[7] Zineddin M, Krauthammer T. Dynamic response and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under impact loading, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2007, Vol. 34, pp. 1517-1534.##[8] Hummeltenberg A, Beckmann B, Weber T, Curbach M. Investigation of concrete slabs under impact load, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2011, Vol. 82, pp. 398-403.##[9] Kishi N, Komuro M, Takeda M. Numerical simulation of the dynamic response behavior of an RC portal frame under road vehicle impact, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures, 2011, pp. 443-448.##[10] Serrano-Perez JC, Vaidya UK, Uddin N. Low velocity impact response of autoclaved aerated concrete/CFRP sandwich plates, Composite Structures, 2007, Vol. 80, pp. 621-630.##[11] Liew JYR, Sohel KMA, Koh CG. Impact tests on steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams with lightweight concrete core, Engineering Structures, 2009, Vol. 31, pp. 2045-2059.##[12] Kantar E, Anil O. Low velocity impact behavior of concrete beam strengthened with CFRP strip, Steel and Composite Structures, 2012, Vol. 12, pp. 207-230.##[13] Kaewunruen S, Remennikov AM. Impact capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009, Vol. 16, pp. 1520-1532.##[14] Zhang XX, Ruiz G, Yu RC. A new drop-weight impact machine for studying fracture processes in structural concrete, Strain, 2010, Vol. 46, pp. 252-257.##[15] Bischoff PH, Perry PH. Impact Behavior of Plain Concrete Loaded in Uniaxial Compression, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2007, Vol. 121, pp. 685-693.##[16] Grote DL, Park SW, Zhou M. Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. experimental characterization, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2001, Vol. 25, pp. 869-886.##[17] Park SW, Xia Q, Zhou M. Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: II. numerical simulation, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2001, Vol. 25, pp. 887-910.##[18] Kantar E, Erdem RT, Anil O. Nonlinear finite element analysis of impact behavior of concrete beam, Mathematical and Computational Applications, 2011, Vol. 16, pp. 183-193.##[19] Travaš V, Ožbolt J, Kožar I. Failure of plain concrete beam at impact load: 3D finite element analysis, International Journal of Fracture, 2009, Vol. 160, pp. 31-41.##[20] Bazant ZP, Prat PC. Microplane model for brittle-plastic material: I. theory, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1988, Vol. 114, pp. 1672-1688.##[21] Bazant ZP, Prat PC. Microplane model for brittle-plastic material: II. verification, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1988, Vol. 114, pp. 1689-1702.##[22] Bazant ZP, Adley MD, Carol I, Jirásek M, Akers SA, Rohani B, Cargile JD, Caner FC. Large-strain generalization of microplane model for concrete and application, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2000, Vol. 126, pp. 971-980.##[23] Ožbolt J, Li Y, Kožar I. Microplane model for concentre with relaxed kinematic constraint, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2001, Vol. 38, pp. 2683-2711.##[24] Drucker DC, Prager W. Soil mechanics and plastic analysis on limit design, Quarterly Journal of Applied Mathematics, 1952, Vol. 10, pp. 157-165. ##[25] ANSYS Users Manual, 2005.##[26] Riedel W, Thoma K, Hiermaier S, Schmolinske E. Penetration of reinforced concrete by beta-b-500, numerical analysis using a new macroscopic concrete model for hydrocodes, Proceedings CD-ROM of 9th International Symposium on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures, Berlin Strausberg, 1999, pp. 315-322.##[27] Borrvall T, Riedel W. The RHT concrete model in LS-dyna, 8th European LS-DYNA Users Conference, Strasbourg, France, 2011.##[28] Riedel W, Kawai N, Kondo K. Numerical assessment for impact strength measurements in concrete materials, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2009, Vol. 36, pp. 283-293.## ##

Experimental studies on the use of mobile cylinders for measurement of flow through rectangular channels 2 2 The objective of field water measurement is to conserve water by improving management of its distribution and field application. A simple mobile flume to measure a discharge through small rectangular open channels in agricultural fields has been experimentally investigated. The flume consisting of a vertical cylinder inserted axially into the horizontal prismatic rectangular channel, referred as a simple cylindrical flume, has been calibrated. The flow rate in rectangular channel can be measured by constricting the flow due to presence of cylinder, resulting in critical flow conditions. Experiments have been performed on two simple cylindrical flumes of different diameters, to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of subcritical incoming flow under free flow conditions. The results of laboratory experiments on the flume have been analysed and two different discharge prediction models have been developed. The two models developed for the prediction of discharge for simple cylindrical flumes developed for use in rectangular channel sections, are based on the energy concept and the direct regression approach, respectively. Both the proposed models have been validated using the limited experimental data available in the literature. Formation of critical depth at the throat section has also been verified. Plots have also been developed for the dimensionless column head and the corresponding Froude number of the incoming flow. The discharge prediction model giving the least error has been proposed for use in practice. 504 512 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/292013/04/302013/05/72013/05/232013/06/4 1392/3/14 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/122013/12/162014/01/42014/01/212014/01/27 1392/11/7 A. Ghare A. Ghare Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology INDIA adghare@yahoo.co.in A. Badar A. Badar Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology INDIA am1_badar@yahoo.com Flume Discharge measurement Rectangular channel Critical flow [1] Cone VM. The venturi flume, Journal of Agricultural Research, Washington, DC, 1917, No. 4, Vol. 9, pp. 15-129.##[2] Parshall RL. The improved venturi flumes, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1926, Vol. 89, pp. 841-851.##[3] Hager WH. Modified, venturi channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1985, No. 1, Vol. 111, pp. 19-35.##[4] Hager WH. Modified, trapezoidal venturi channels, Journal of Irrigation. and Drainage Engineering, 1986, No. 3, Vol. 112, pp. 225-241.##[5] Hager WH.Mobile flume for circular channel, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1988, No. 3, Vol. 114, pp. 520-534.##[6] Kohler A, Hager WH. Mobile flume for pipe flow, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1997, No. 1, Vol. 123, pp. 19-23.##[7] Oliveto G, Hager WH. Discharge measurement in circular sewer, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1997, No. 2, Vol. 123, pp. 138-140.##[8] Peruginelli A, Bonacci F. Mobile prisms for flow measurement in rectangular channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1995, No. 3, Vol. 123, pp. 170-174.##[9] Samani Z, Magallanez H. Simple flume for flow measurement in open channel, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2000, No. 2, Vol. 126, pp. 127-129.##[10] Badar AM, Ghare AD. Development of discharge prediction Model for trapezoidal canals using simple portable flume, International Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2012, No. 2, Vol. 1, pp. 37-42.## ##

Impact characteristics of high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete under repeated dynamic loading 2 2 An experimental study on the impact performance of silica fume concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete at 28 days and 56 days under the action of repeated dynamic loading was carried out. In this experimental investigation, w/cm ratios of 0.4 and 0.3, silica fume replacement at 10% and 15% and crimped steel fibers with an aspect ratio of 80 were used. Results indicated that addition of fibers in high-performance concrete (HPC) can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of cracks under stress, and enhance the impact strengths, toughness and ductility of HPC. Pulse velocity test was carried out for quality measurements of high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete. Steel fibers were observed to have significant effect on flexural strength of concrete. The maximum first crack strength and ultimate failure strength at 28 days were 1.51 times and 1.78 times, respectively at 1.5% volume fraction to that of HPC. Based on the experimental data, failure resistance prediction model was developed with correlation coefficient (R) = 0.96 and absolute variation determined is 1.82%. 513 520 2013/04/82013/04/112013/04/112013/04/202013/04/242014/01/292013/04/302013/05/72013/05/232013/06/42013/03/22 1392/1/2 2013/11/122014/05/142013/12/242013/10/22014/01/272014/11/122013/12/162014/01/42014/01/212014/01/272013/12/25 1392/10/4 R. PERUMAL R. PERUMAL PONDICHERRY ENGINEERING COLLEGE INDIA dosspr@pec.edu K. NAGAMANI K. NAGAMANI ANNA UNIVERSITY INDIA nagamani@annauniv.edu. Silica fume High-performance concrete Steel fiber reinforcement Mechanical properties Pulse velocity Impact resistance Toughness [1] ACI 544.4R- 89, Design considerations for steel fiber reinforced concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 2006.##[2] Balaguru N, Sha SP. Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites, McGraw Hill international edition, New York, 1992.##[3] ACI 544.1R- 96, State-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 2006.##[4] ACI 544.3R- 93, Guide for specifying, mixing, placing and finishing steel fiber reinforced concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 2006.##[5] Ezeldin AS, Balaguru PN. Bond behavior of Normal and high strength fiber reinforced concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 1989, No. 5, Vol. 86, pp. 515-523.##[6] Song PS, Hwang S, Sheu BC. Statistical evaluation for impact resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research, 2004, No. 8, Vol. 56, pp. 437-442.##[7] Yan H, Sun W, Chen H. The effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the dynamic mechanical performance of high-strength concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 1999, Vol. 29, pp. 423-426.##[8] Gopalaratnan VS, Shah SP. 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